Estimation of Mycotoxin Multiple Contamination in Mexican Hybrid Seed Maize by HPLC-MS/MS

Abstract

In Mexico, the presence of mycotoxins in chemical treated seed maize by sowing is not well known, despite the need to improve the quality and corn safe for human consumption. It collected twentyfive genotypes maize samples from Morelos State in the spring of 2013, all of them treated with synthetic colors (pink, green, yellow), fungicides and insecticides. Two samples (synthetic seed and hybrid commercial) were selected for analysis of twenty-two mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS and AFB1 determination by liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). The results of the 25 samples showed the presence of Aflatoxin B1 in 25% of samples in a ranged concentration between 2 to 6 µg•kg −1 , and average of 4.1 −1 µg•kg, which were within the allowed limits by national and international legislation. Twenty-two mycotoxins were found in levels ranging between 791.7 and 891.2 µg•kg. The content average in both samples was for total aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AG2) of 16.95 µg•kg, with G aflatoxins the most prevalence. Twelve trichothecenes (Nivalenol, Neosolanol, Fusarenone X, DAS, HT-2, FB1, FB2, FB3, T-2, Zearalenone, ZEA2, ZEA3) were in a level of 292.7 µg•kg −1 , Enniantine 8.6 µg•kg −1 , Sterigmatocystin 6.5 µg•kg −1 , Roquefortine C, 2.9 µg•kg −1. Ochratoxin 8.8 µg•kg −1 and Mycophenolic acid at 535 µg•kg −1 were the highest content. The synthetic color present in seeds analyzed inhibited a good purification in the extracted mycotoxin by optimizing the step in HPLC-MS/MS quantification system. The information generated in this study would be useful in breeding programs in order to improve the sanitary quality and also to investigate the final contamination of agricultural products with multiple mycotoxin contamination.

Mixtures of Mycotoxins, Phytoestrogens, and Other Secondary Metabolites in Whole-Plant Corn Silages and Total Mixed Rations of Dairy Farms in Central and Northern Mexico

“…However, the ZEN maximum level detected in a WPCS sample from Europe (1670 µg/kg) was around 6 times higher than that reported in the present study (278 µg/kg). Although our investigation did not detect AFB1 and OTA, as initially expected, it is essential to clarify that these fungal compounds with carcinogenic properties have been widely reported in dairy cattle feeds (such as cereals) and dairy products (AFM1) in Mexico, representing a real and latent veterinary and public health risk in this country [ 12 , 46 , 49 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]. Averufin, sterigmatocystin, and versicolorin C, considered to be possible precursors of AFs [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ], were detected.…”

“…Averufin, sterigmatocystin, and versicolorin C, considered to be possible precursors of AFs [ 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ], were detected. Sterigmatocystin was previously reported in Mexican maize [ 59 ]. Like AFs, sterigmatocystin is known to be a carcinogenic compound with immunotoxin and immunomodulatory activity.…”

Proximate Composition, Fatty Acid Profile and Mycotoxin Contamination in Several Varieties of Mexican Maize

“…The ingestion of these mycotoxins had been related with cancer in South Africa and Chine principally, however, monitoring for these mycotoxins in maize is not routinely performed in many countries including Mexico. Therefore, the present work aims to characterize the profile of fatty acids in commercial maize (native and hybrid) and mycotoxins contamination [7].…”