Estimation of milk yield in the rat

Morag, M.

doi:10.1258/002367770781071671

Cited by 41 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Maternal and offspring suckling factors are both likely to be involved in the increased milk production in a setting of increased pup milk consumption. There are data in the literature that indicate that pup consumption affects milk production as well as data showing that milk production has an influence on pup consumption (19,20). One way to determine the relative influences of these two possibilities in future studies would be to reduce the number of pups suckling the dam.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a Maternal Low Protein Isocaloric Diet on Milk Leptin and Progeny Serum Leptin Concentration and Appetitive Behavior in the First 21 Days of Neonatal Life in the Rat

et al. 2008

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Suboptimal developmental environments program offspring to lifelong metabolic problems. We evaluated effects of maternal isocaloric low protein diet during pregnancy and/or lactation on milk quantity and leptin concentration at postnatal day 7, 14, and 21. Control mothers ate 20% casein (C) and restricted mothers (R) 10% casein to provide four groups: CC, RR, CR, and RC (first letter pregnancy and second lactation diet) to enable evaluation of effects influenced by maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation. Milk leptin was not a determinant of pup serum leptin. Pup serum leptin did not inhibit milk appetite at any postnatal age. Pup serum leptin did not correlate with pup adipose tissue. Finally, the normal postnatal leptin rise in pup serum was delayed by prenatal undernutrition. These data suggest that fetal nutrition modifies timing of neonatal leptin surge and may contribute to the development of altered appetite and metabolic disorders in later life. H uman epidemiologic (1) and experimental animal studies (2) have shown that suboptimal environments in the womb and during early neonatal life alter growth and predispose individuals to lifelong health problems. Effects of maternal nutrient restriction during pregnancy and/or lactation have been studied in many different models. A variety of growth, endocrine and cardiovascular phenotypes result from nutrient restriction in different developmental windows. Perinatal malnutrition predisposes to offspring obesity in adulthood by changes during the development of central neural pathways mediated by regulatory mechanisms including leptin (3). Rapid catch-up growth after early growth restriction increases the risk of developing obesity and cardiovascular disease in later life (4,5).One of the most important neonatal factors involved in developmental programming is the adequacy of nutrition during the lactation period. Breast feeding decreases the risk of obesity in later childhood (6). Many factors including maternal milk composition, energy content, and quantity may influence future appetite control. Breast milk contains leptin (7) a hormone produced and secreted in a variety of tissues, predominantly by adipocytes (8) which regulates food intake and energy expenditure at the hypothalamic level in adult animals (8,9). Circulating levels of leptin correlate positively with the amount of fat stores (10). During the first days of postnatal life, leptin levels are higher than those observed later in development (11). Several studies have demonstrated a surge of leptin around postnatal days (PND) 10 -14 in the rat (11). This surge has been correlated with maturation of the central nervous mechanisms that regulate appetite in later life. Leptin also seems to play a key role in programming the structural and functional development of hypothalamic orixigenic and anorexigenic centers in the early postnatal period.We have demonstrated that maternal protein restriction in the rat during either pregnancy or lactation alters postnatal growth, appetitive behavior, ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a Maternal Low Protein Isocaloric Diet on Milk Leptin and Progeny Serum Leptin Concentration and Appetitive Behavior in the First 21 Days of Neonatal Life in the Rat

et al. 2008

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“…The design of this study was based on a milk-yield estimation study performed in rats (Morag, 1970). To measure milk production, a weigh-suckle-weigh protocol consisting of a series of separation and suckle periods was initiated at 6 d of age and repeated at 9, 12, and 15 d of lactation.…”

Section: Weigh-suckle-weighmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlated responses in maternal performance following divergent selection for heat loss in mice1

McDonald

Nielsen

2006

Journal of Animal Science

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Divergent selection in mice was applied in 3 independent replicates for high (maintenance high; MH) and low (maintenance low; ML) heat loss for 16 generations. An unselected control (maintenance control; MC) was also maintained in all replicates. Selection ceased for 26 generations; heat-loss measurement and selection resumed at generation 42. Lactation performance, dam weight, dam feed intake, and efficiency of production of pup weight were recorded or calculated for MH and ML dams in all 3 replicates at generation 46 or 47 with the objective of determining whether selection for heat loss has created correlated responses in maternal performance. One-half of the dams reared their own litters, and one-half reared cross-fostered (across lines) litters. Between 10 and 12 litters were used from each replicate-line-rearing class. Litter size was recorded, and litters were standardized to 8 pups within 24 h of birth. For cross fostering, MH litters were matched to ML litters born within 24 h of each other, and MH-ML litter pairs were cross-fostered at 3 d of age. A weigh-suckle-weigh protocol was used to obtain milk production estimates over a 2-h suckling period at 6, 9, 12, and 15 d. Dam (plus litter) feed intake

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“…Harris et al, 1966;Hanrahan and Eisen, 1970;König et al, 1988), mass differences of the litter before and after a suckling bout (e.g. Morag, 1970;Mepham and Beck, 1973), isotope transfer from mother to pups (e.g. Rath and Thenen, 1979;Kunz et al, 1983) and isotope dilution in the body water of the mother (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits to sustained energy intake VII. Milk energy output in laboratory mice at thermoneutrality

Król

Speakman

2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

111

128

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Estimation of milk yield in the rat

Cited by 41 publications

References 23 publications

Effects of a Maternal Low Protein Isocaloric Diet on Milk Leptin and Progeny Serum Leptin Concentration and Appetitive Behavior in the First 21 Days of Neonatal Life in the Rat

Effects of a Maternal Low Protein Isocaloric Diet on Milk Leptin and Progeny Serum Leptin Concentration and Appetitive Behavior in the First 21 Days of Neonatal Life in the Rat

Correlated responses in maternal performance following divergent selection for heat loss in mice1

Limits to sustained energy intake VII. Milk energy output in laboratory mice at thermoneutrality

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