Estimation of Leachability and Persistence of Pesticides at Golf Courses from Point-Source Monitoring and Model To Predict Pesticide Leaching to Groundwater

Abstract

The monitoring of 19 pesticides in drainage and groundwater at a golf course was performed when there was no runoff water. The loading rates of most pesticides via leaching water were lower than 4% of application amount, except for more than 23% for terbutol. The times of pesticides loading into the drainage reducing to 50% of initial [t 1 /2(loading)] were 40.3 months for terbutol, 9.4 months for isoprothiolane, 6.6 months for flutolanil, and within 1 month for the other pesticides. On the basis of several published models for predicting pesticides leaching to groundwater at agricultural land, the pesticides having the GUS score greater than 0.4 or exhibiting K oc less than 7000 cm3 g-1, and t 1 /2(soil) greater than 3 days were classified as the pesticides leaching to groundwater at golf courses. The golf course is a high pollution potential area compared with agricultural land. For the persistence of terbutol at golf courses, the concentrations of terbutol in subsoils at the depth greater than 50 cm were higher than the other pesticides after 4 years when terbutol was applied. The half-life [t 1 /2(soil)] of terbutol, isoprothiolane, and fltutoranil in the turf grass soils under an aerobic condition was 200, 180, and 360 days, respectively. Organic carbon partition coefficient (K oc) and relative mobility in the soil column of terbutol were the same as isoprothiolane and flutoranil. These results suggested that persistence of terbutol was mainly caused by slow degradation rate in the subsoils.

Organic Contaminants in Riverine and Groundwater Systems

“…Therefore, numerous studies focused on the groundwater contamination by pesticides (e.g. Reupert and Plöger 1989;Pereira et al 1990;Abke et al 1993;Skark and Zullei-Seibert 1994;Suzuki et al 1998, Kolpin et al 2001). …”

“…agricultural activities) or by point-source emissions for example of industrial sites, fuel depots and installations, dry cleaners or military bases (e.g. Albaiges et al, 1986;Guardiola et al, 1989;Cozzarelli et al, 1994;Furlong et al, 1997;Krueger et al 1998;Suzuki et al, 1998). In contrast to diffuse emissions the contaminations resulting from point sources are usually characterised by high amounts of a limited number of substances.…”

The effect of land use on phosphorus dynamics in golf course soil

“…is obtained through marked modification of the original soils or even their complete removal. The fertilizers required annually to keep greens and fairways, in good condition, can cause serious pollution of soil and waters (Suzuki et al, 1998;Certini and Scalenghe, 2006). Although, it is usually considered that P applied in fertilizers is taken up by crops or immobilized in the soil, and therefore P losses from agro systems is negligible; recent research indicates that significant P leaching out of the root zone, can occur where certain combinations of land use practice (over fertilization or excessive manuring), soil properties (sandy subsoil, high organic matter and the presence of preferential flow paths) and climate condition exist (Sims et al, 1998).…”

Influence of methanol on retention of hydrophobic organic chemicals in soil leaching column chromatography

“…Early and rapid prediction of leaching potential of a chemical from soil into groundwater becomes an urgent task prior to mass production of the chemical (Line et al, 1998;Fava et al, 2000). Conventional leaching studies are carried out in a lysimeter facility, and the results are highly dependent on the complicated conditions under which the studies were conducted and the soils employed (Byers et al, 1995;Suzuki et al, 1998). Hence, the results from different reports were sometimes difficult to compare with each other (Gawlic et al, 2000).…”