Estimation of irrigation water requirement and irrigation scheduling for major crops using the CROPWAT model and climatic data

Soomro, Shumaila; Solangi, Ghulam Shabir; Siyal, Altaf Ali; Golo, Asad; Bhatti, Nabi Bux; Soomro, Abdul Ghani; Memon, Aftab Ahmed; Panhwar, Sallahuddin; Keerio, Hareef Ahmed

doi:10.2166/wpt.2023.024

Cited by 10 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…CMRSET ETa compares well both in terms of magnitude and seasonality, although in Punjab's CMRSET's peak in Rabi (October to March) happens in March and in April for ETLook. Crop calendars state that the most widespread Rabi crop in the region, wheat, is harvested in April, however, ETa reaches its peak in March (Soomro et al, 2018). Similar seasonality of double cropping systems is not observed in SEBAL.…”

Section: Blending Of Modis With Landsat Vegetation Indicesmentioning

confidence: 90%

High spatiotemporal resolution remotely sensed timeseries actual evapotranspiration estimates for irrigation management in salinity-affected areas of the southern Indus basin

2023

MODSIM2023, 25th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation.

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The Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS) in Pakistan is the largest contiguous irrigated system (~160,000 km 2 ) in the world. IBIS's crops sustain Pakistan's ~230 million people and provide a livelihood for ~90,000 farmers. Like many other irrigation systems around the world, IBIS is facing critical water management challenges, inter alia: (i) over-utilised surface and groundwater resources, (ii) areas with unsustainable groundwater use, (iii) areas with salinity and waterlogging reducing productivity, (iv) sediment loads reducing the capacity of reservoirs used to regulate flows and (v) climate change modifying rainfall patterns, river flow regime and evaporative demand. The system relies on two large reservoirs (16.5 km 3 combined storage capacity), 16 barrages and a vast interconnected network of channels to equitably provide water to 45 canal commands on a 10-day period. Timely and accurate estimates of water use are essential for adequate management of irrigation systems. In large and complex systems like the IBIS, distributed surface water canal or groundwater pumping volume data are often not available for water balance assessments and to monitor irrigation management practices. Remote sensing imagery and geostatistical techniques that increase data availability provide an unparalleled opportunity to estimate actual evapotranspiration (ETa) -a proxy for water use -from large areas at the required spatial scales and temporal frequencies to assess irrigation patterns beyond the canal command scale. This paper describes the development of the first 30 m resolution and 10day gap-free remote sensing-based ETa timeseries from 2010-20 for salinity-affected canal commands in the IBIS facing different irrigation management challenges: (i) Sidhnai and Lower Mailsi and Lower Pakpattan canal commands with deep and rapidly declining groundwater tables in the south of Punjab province (roughly (from north to south) in the middle section of the IBIS), and (ii) the Pinyari canal command with shallow groundwater table and waterlogged areas, located in the south of Sindh province at the IBIS's tailend. The ETa estimates were computed by scaling potential Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration (E0) using the vegetation index (VI)-derived scaling coefficient obtained from the CMRSET (CSIRO MODIS ReScaled EvapoTranspiration) Landsat V2.2 model at the Landsat native spatial resolution of 30 m. The 10-day frequency was achieved by taking advantage of the daily frequency VIs from the daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which were subsequently blended with Landsat VIs using a method capable of detecting gradual (i.e., phenological) or abrupt (e.g., floods) land cover changes. The resulting CMRSET ETa compared reasonably well against monthly estimates from previously published ETa products in selected canal commands, SEBAL and ETLook, with monthly correlations >0.7 and percentage biases <20%. The ETa timeseries aggregated at the canal command scale, alongside observations of canal command withdrawals, showcase...

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Section: Blending Of Modis With Landsat Vegetation Indicesmentioning

confidence: 90%

High spatiotemporal resolution remotely sensed timeseries actual evapotranspiration estimates for irrigation management in salinity-affected areas of the southern Indus basin

2023

MODSIM2023, 25th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation.

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“…While the use of efficient irrigation systems by lowland rice farming communities is highly desired, it alone is not enough [1] [36]. A recent study by [37] on the irrigation of wheat, rice, sugarcane, berseem, sorghum and maize in Pakistan revealed that about 60% of irrigation water is lost through over irrigation and this is mainly caused by lack of farmers' knowledge about irrigation scheduling. Regardless of the irrigation method used, appropriate irrigation scheduling has long been known to help farmers apply water appropriately [38].…”

Section: Rice Production In Sub-saharan Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Suitability of Irrigation Scheduling Decision Support Systems for Lowland Rice Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Review

Mubangizi¹,

Wanyama²,

Kiggundu³

et al. 2023

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Irrigation in lowland rice production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is mainly based on traditional surface irrigation methods with continuous flooding practices. This irrigation method ends up using a lot more water that would have otherwise been used to open more land and be used in other water-requiring sectors. Various studies suggest Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) as an alternative practice for water management that reduces water use without significantly affecting yield. However, this practice has not been well adopted by the farmers despite its significant benefits of reduced total water use. Improving the adoption of AWD using irrigation Decision Support Systems (DSSs) helps the farmer on two fronts; to know "how much water to apply" and "when to irrigate", which is very critical in maximizing productivity. This paper reviews the applicability of DSSs using AWD in lowland rice production systems in Sub-Saharan Africa.

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“…In this situation, the only choice remaining is to manage the available water resources with best management practices. Approximately 93% of freshwater resources are used in agriculture, and any effort to improve water use efficiency (WUE) in this sector would result in saving water for other rational uses (Mohyuddin & Ahmed, 2008; Soomro et al, 2018). In Pakistan, more than 60% of the water used in agriculture is lost during conveyance through seepage from irrigation channels and during application on fields (Soomro et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 93% of freshwater resources are used in agriculture, and any effort to improve water use efficiency (WUE) in this sector would result in saving water for other rational uses (Mohyuddin & Ahmed, 2008; Soomro et al, 2018). In Pakistan, more than 60% of the water used in agriculture is lost during conveyance through seepage from irrigation channels and during application on fields (Soomro et al, 2018). Seepage from the irrigation network and over‐irrigation have resulted in an increase in water table depths (WTDs) in many areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many studies have been conducted on the possible use of WTDs to supplement crop water requirements. Crop water requirement and evapotranspiration (ET) are terms that are used interchangeably to describe water consumed by crops (Soomro et al, 2018). Kahlown et al (2000) found that GW contributes 32% to wheat ET and 53% to sugar cane ET at water tables less than 1 m. Rao et al (2016) found GW contributions to ET of 26–38% for sesame and 30–38% for sunflower at 1.50–2.50 m WTDs in the lower Indus basin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water requirements of banana and papaya under different water table depths and soil types in the Lower Indus Basin of Pakistan

Gul,

Salam,

Ashraf

2023

Irrigation and Drainage

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The water requirements of banana and papaya, the two most important fruit crops of Pakistan, are not known because farmers continue to apply water even if the crop does not need it. In this study, the evapotranspiration (ET), groundwater contribution (GW) and crop coefficient (Kc) values of banana (1995–1999) and papaya (2013–2016) were determined under different water table depths (WTDs) and soil types using drainage‐type lysimeters. The WTDs were maintained at 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50 m from the ground surface by means of Mariotte bottles. The banana ET during the first year was between 1653 and 1992 mm with a GW contribution of 11–20%, whereas during the second to fifth years, it was between 2430 and 3023 mm with a GW contribution of 10–16%. The banana yield was in the range of 58,638–79,780 kg ha−1, and the water use efficiency (WUE) was between 2.65 and 3.31 kg m−3. The papaya ET was between 1478 and 1766 mm with a GW contribution of 7–18% at 1.50–2.50 m WTDs. The papaya yield was in the range of 61,184–83,004 kg ha−1 with a WUE of 4.13–4.70 kg m−3. Therefore, GW contribution is an important component of the water balance under shallow water table conditions and should be considered when devising irrigation scheduling for banana and papaya crops.

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Estimation of irrigation water requirement and irrigation scheduling for major crops using the CROPWAT model and climatic data

Cited by 10 publications

References 15 publications

High spatiotemporal resolution remotely sensed timeseries actual evapotranspiration estimates for irrigation management in salinity-affected areas of the southern Indus basin

High spatiotemporal resolution remotely sensed timeseries actual evapotranspiration estimates for irrigation management in salinity-affected areas of the southern Indus basin

Assessing Suitability of Irrigation Scheduling Decision Support Systems for Lowland Rice Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa—A Review

Water requirements of banana and papaya under different water table depths and soil types in the Lower Indus Basin of Pakistan

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