Estimation of greenhouse gases emission from domestic wastewater in Nepal: A scenario-based analysis applicable for developing countries

Shrestha, Aman; Bhattarai, Tek Narayan; Ghimire, Swastik; Mainali, Bandita; Treichel, Helen; Paudel, Shukra Raj

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134501

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Figure 5f shows that the change in the value of SD has almost no effect on the GHG of the case plant, which manifests that the optimization of the GHG by changing the value of SD alone is not very effective. In addition, CH 4 accounts for a relatively large proportion of the carbon emissions from wastewater treatment processes [50]; therefore, it is possible to generate electricity from the collection of discharged CH 4 and realize the recycling of resources, thus effectively reducing GHG [51].…”

Section: Multi-objective Optimization Of the Anaerobic-anoxic-oxic An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Simulation Integrated Pareto Analysis to Achieve Low-Carbon and Economical Operation of a Wastewater Treatment Plant

Liao,

Li,

Liu

et al. 2024

Water

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It is essential to reduce carbon emissions in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to achieve carbon neutrality in society. However, current optimization of WWTPs prioritizes the operation cost index (OCI) and effluent quality index (EQI) over greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study aims to conduct a multi-objective optimization of a WWTP, considering GHG emissions, EQI, and OCI. The anaerobic-anoxic-oxic integrated membrane bioreactor (AAO-MBR) process in an actual WWTP was selected as a typical case, tens of thousands of scenarios with combinations of six operational parameters (dissolved oxygen (DO), external carbon resource (ECR), poly aluminum chloride (PAC), internal reflux ratio (IRR), external reflux ratio (ERR), and sludge discharge (SD)) were simulated by GPS-X software (Hydromantics 8.0.1). It was shown that ECR has the greatest impact on optimization objectives. In the optimal scenario, the main parameters of ATDO, MTDO, IRR, and ERR were 0.1 mg/L, 4 mg/L, 50%, and 100%, respectively. The EQI, OCI, and GHG of the best scenario were 0.046 kg/m3, 0.27 ¥/m3, and 0.51 kgCO2/m3, which were 2.1%, 72.2%, and 34.6% better than the current situation of the case WWTP, respectively. This study provides an effective method for realizing low-carbon and economical operation of WWTPs.

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Section: Multi-objective Optimization Of the Anaerobic-anoxic-oxic An...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Simulation Integrated Pareto Analysis to Achieve Low-Carbon and Economical Operation of a Wastewater Treatment Plant

Liao,

Li,

Liu

et al. 2024

Water

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“…Anaerobic treatment for waste-to-biogas conversion systems is the most popular technology for energy recovery from wastewater [8]. The combined anaerobic and aerobic system followed by biogas recovery for the source of energy also can reduce GHG emissions up to 61.72% [9]. Many factors that influenced GHG emissions such as socio-economic factors such as GDP, household consumption expenditure, household food consumption expenditure, and population were found to highly correlate with urban CH4 emissions from municipal WWTPs.…”

Section: Figure 4 Ghg Emission Of Wwtp Bojongsoang In 2021mentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct greenhouse gases from domestic wastewater treatment plant in Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Novia,

Febrion,

Erlindra

2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Wastewater treatment contributes direct greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the atmosphere. The study aims to estimate the amount of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Bandung Regency throughout the years 2019-2022. Wastewater treatment processes in the WWTP consist of anaerobic, facultative, and maturation ponds. Data series of water quality from each process were collected on a monthly basis from years 2019 to 2022 to estimate direct emissions. Emission factors used in this study were derived from IPCC Guidelines and using the Tier 1 method. The highest GHG emission from WWTP Bojongsoang was about 513.44 tonCO2e in December 2021. The monthly average CO2e emissions from year to year increased about 40.12%. The average GHG emission from WWTP Bojongsoang from the year 2019 to 2022 respectively was about 81.33 tonCO2e/month, 135.21 tonCO2e/month, 229.26 tonCO2e/month, and 193.89 tonCO2e/month. Overall, the percentage of CO2e emission from anaerobic pond was about 93.57%, from facultative pond was about 4.86%, and from maturation pond was about 1.57%. The highest CO2e emissions occurred in the anaerobic pond along with the highest COD reduction also took place in the anaerobic pond.

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“…In rural areas, eco-friendly toilets should be fostered to utilize the recovered high-nutrition urine as fertilizer in farmland and ensure sustainable practice . In villages and smaller towns, the construction of small-bore sewers should be promoted to carry septic effluents of on-site sanitation systems and its treatment in low-cost wastewater treatment systems, e.g., reed bed, hybrid constructed wetlands, should be given high priority over sophisticated wastewater systems. , Wherever land is cheaper, wastewater treatment based on natural processes and low operating costs like waste stabilization ponds should be preferred over complex technologies with high energy and low land requirements.…”

Section: Future Directions For Sustainable Washmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At small scale, biogas is produced at the houeshold level, which is used for cooking and lighting purpose in rural areas of Nepal. However, biogas produced in large anaerobic digesters in WWTPs, on the contrary, can be used to generate electricity and heat for the WWTPs, allowing them to become energy self-sufficient . Nepal’s energy sector is undergoing the transition from nonrenewable to renewable energy through the adoption of smart grid technology.…”

Section: Opportunities Of Sustainable Washmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, biogas produced in large anaerobic digesters in WWTPs, on the contrary, can be used to generate electricity and heat for the WWTPs, 148 allowing them to become energy self-sufficient. 149 Nepal's energy sector is undergoing the transition from nonrenewable to renewable energy through the adoption of smart grid technology. It hence has huge potential to capture such recovered bioenergy from waste.…”

Section: Inclusion Equity and Empowermentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene of Nepal: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities

et al. 2023

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Access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) has been a challenge to south Asia’s rapidly growing and climate change-sensitive region. Nepal, a water-abundant country, faces obstacles to fulfilling the highly prioritized WASH Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6). This review offers details about Nepal’s WASH status from 2000 to 2020 with regard to the challenges Nepal had in delivering reliable WASH services to the people, as well as opportunities for a sustainable way forward, and provides insights that can be applied to other developing countries. From analysis of national-level assessments, estimates point toward healthy progress in extending WASH access to the population. However, large inequalities persist at the subnational level between urban and rural residents, between poor and rich residents, and between genders. Many local constraints such as a lack of long-term infrastructural capacity to provide and maintain WASH services, financial issues, and institutional and policy incompatibilities are some of the key factors that technical considerations and private sector involvement could address. We also propose roles for Nepal’s central, provincial, and local governments for identification and adaptation to the undeniable risks of climate change. Furthermore, there is a need to capitalize on the potential opportunities for developing a much-needed robust and climate-resilient WASH sector in Nepal, safeguarding the rights of future generations to safe and clean water.

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Estimation of greenhouse gases emission from domestic wastewater in Nepal: A scenario-based analysis applicable for developing countries

Cited by 21 publications

References 30 publications

Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Simulation Integrated Pareto Analysis to Achieve Low-Carbon and Economical Operation of a Wastewater Treatment Plant

Multi-Objective Optimization Based on Simulation Integrated Pareto Analysis to Achieve Low-Carbon and Economical Operation of a Wastewater Treatment Plant

Direct greenhouse gases from domestic wastewater treatment plant in Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene of Nepal: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities

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