Estimation of Erythromycin and inducible Clindamycin Resistance in <i>Saphylococcus aureus</i> Isolated from Clinical Cases

Mtsher, Amany Menam; Aziz, Zahid S.

doi:10.5958/0974-360x.2020.00538.7

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…The treatment of MRSA infections in African nations is problematic due to the lack of antibiotics with proven efficacy [ 5 ]. The rising prevalence of community-acquired MRSA has sparked interest in using macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLSB) antibiotics, particularly clindamycin to treat S. aureus -associated pneumonia and skin and soft-tissue infections [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inducible Clindamycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Africa: A Systematic Review

Assefa

2022

International Journal of Microbiology

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Introduction. Excessive use of clindamycin enhances the acquisition of inducible clindamycin-resistant S. aureus strains, which is a significant health problem in Africa. The main objective of this review study was to determine the prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance and related genes among S. aureus isolates in Africa. Methods. A qualitative systematic review was conducted on inducible clindamycin resistance among S. aureus isolates in Africa using electronic databases such as Google Scholar and PubMed. Articles published in English before 2021 were selected, and relevant data were extracted, collected, and analyzed. Results. In our search, 22 articles met the eligibility criteria for this review study. Of 3064 total S. aureus isolates, 605 had iMLSB phenotype. The overall prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance in S. aureus isolates was 19.8% with a range of 2.9% to 44.0%. A high number of iMLSB phenotypes were observed in MRSA isolates (3.6–77.8%) than MSSA (0–58.8%). The overall prevalence of the iMLSB phenotype in MRSA strains was 26.8% (279/1041). The maximum peak prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among S. aureus isolates recorded in the continent was 44.0% in Egypt, followed by 35.8% in Libya and 33.3% in Uganda in 2017, 2007, and 2013, respectively. The highest prevalence of iMLSB phenotype in MRSA strains was reported in Egypt, 77.8%, followed by Nigeria, 75.0%, and Libya, 66.2%. Among the recovered drug-resistance genes, ermA, ermC, and msrA genes were commonly detected in Egypt with 67.9%, 70.0%, and 70.0% prevalence, respectively. Conclusion. This review highlights a higher inducible resistance of S. aureus, including MRSA strains to clindamycin in the continent. Regular screening of these strains, wise use of clindamycin, and molecular detection and genotyping of resistant genes are urgent.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inducible Clindamycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Africa: A Systematic Review

Assefa

2022

International Journal of Microbiology

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“…To this date, it is rather difficult to pass judgment on whether clindamycin or metronidazole is better than the other as clindamycin, too, has a significant disadvantage-antibiotic resistance. In fact, one of the important factors contributing to emerging antibiotic resistance is due to the development of cross-resistance; it has been reported several times that some pathogens failed to be eradicated when treated with macrolides and lincosamides [229][230][231][232][233]. There are three key ways in which bacteria counter these antibiotics: (a) through target-site modification that prevents binding of antibiotic to its ribosomal target, (b) by increasing antibiotic efflux, and (c) by inactivating the drug.…”

Section: Eradication and Management Of Bv-associated Pathogens Via Antibioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finding a Balance in the Vaginal Microbiome: How Do We Treat and Prevent the Occurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis?

et al. 2021

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Bacterial vaginosis (BV) has been reported in one-third of women worldwide at different life stages, due to the complex balance in the ecology of the vaginal microbiota. It is a common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge and is associated with other health issues. Since the first description of anaerobic microbes associated with BV like Gardnerella vaginalis in the 1950s, researchers have stepped up the game by incorporating advanced molecular tools to monitor and evaluate the extent of dysbiosis within the vaginal microbiome, particularly on how specific microbial population changes compared to a healthy state. Moreover, treatment failure and BV recurrence rate remain high despite the standard antibiotic treatment. Consequently, researchers have been probing into alternative or adjunct treatments, including probiotics or even vaginal microbiota transplants, to ensure successful treatment outcomes and reduce the colonization by pathogenic microbes of the female reproductive tract. The current review summarizes the latest findings in probiotics use for BV and explores the potential of vaginal microbiota transplants in restoring vaginal health.

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Selectivity in the Formation of Straight-Chain Versus Cyclised products on Knoevenagel Condensation between Thiobarbituric acid and Naphthaldehydes

Haddad

Fraser

2021

RJPT

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The prevalence of Clostridium difficile (CD) infection has grown rapidly due to resistance and the emergence of new, highly virulent strains of the organism that have become less sensitive to many antibiotics. Vancomycin and metronidazole are front-line treatments of CD infection that still show good efficacy, but their effectiveness has declined for the treatment of recurrent infection and less sensitive strains of CD. More recently, the macrolide antibiotic fidaxomicin been introduced in the treatment of CD infection. Its high cost and limited usefulness against recurrent infection has prompted the search for new, narrow spectrum agents. We identified the CD dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODase) as a potential enzyme target for the design of Knoevenagel products formed from reaction of 2-thiobarbituric acid and naphthaldehyde substrates. The presence of a hydroxyl substituent at position C2 in the naphthaldehyde ring offers the possibility to form the Knoevenagel product and to cyclize to give the tetracyclic, oxadeazaflavine with benzo-homologation. In this work, the selectivity for straight-chain formation over competing cyclisation on Knoevenagel condensation between thiobarbituric acid and naphthaldehyde substrates was examined. The outcomes of uncatalyzed condensations in refluxing ethanol were investigated by various methods including high field 1H and 13C NMR. Unsubstituted naphthaldehyde and its 2-methoxyl derivative favored straight-chain product formation whereas use of 2-hydroxynaphthaldehyde favored cyclisation and concomitant Michael addition of a second molecule of the corresponding acid to the newly formed exocyclic C=C bond. The pattern of reactivity was mirrored in the benzaldehyde series where the presence of the 2-hydroxyl function led to cyclized products with concomitant formation of the Michael adducts. The Knoevenagel products and the benzo-homologated oxadeazaflavine derivatives are candidates for evaluation as potential growth inhibitors of CD.

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Estimation of Erythromycin and inducible Clindamycin Resistance in Saphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Cases

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Inducible Clindamycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Africa: A Systematic Review

Inducible Clindamycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains in Africa: A Systematic Review

Finding a Balance in the Vaginal Microbiome: How Do We Treat and Prevent the Occurrence of Bacterial Vaginosis?

Selectivity in the Formation of Straight-Chain Versus Cyclised products on Knoevenagel Condensation between Thiobarbituric acid and Naphthaldehydes

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