Estimation of Environmental Damage Costs from CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;e Emissions in Libya and the Revenue from Carbon Tax Implementation

Nassar, Yasser F.; Aissa, Kaiss Rateb; Alsadi, Samer

doi:10.4236/lce.2017.84010

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…One hundred and fifty years ago, it was discovered that the Earth's atmosphere has an insulating effect now known as the greenhouse effect. Years later, it was proved that greenhouse exists (Nassar, Aissa, & Alsadi, 2017). Pollution became such a problem in Africa during the 1980s due to wars, poaching and deforestation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is environmental degradation linked to transaction cost in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Salim

Xavera

Ricado

et al. 2023

5049

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This research article aimed to examine the significance of transaction costs on CO2 emissions intensity in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 2003-2018. Based on a sample size of 33 countries, we specified models where the level of carbon pollution was directly linked to an increase in transaction rates. We then used the augmented STIRPAT model which accounts for changes in populations, wealths and technologies on environmental conditions. The system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) framework is used as it accounts for the possible endogeneity arising from the reverse causality between the dependent and independent variables and the potential correlation between the error term and the country fixed-effects. The results based on this system GMM were conclusive; transactions cost has a persistent and strong negative effect on the country's levels of greenhouse gas emissions. Transaction costs are one key reason why there is such variation between different forms of carbon dioxide intensities within SSA nations, specifically because they had been experiencing higher levels than other regions. An additional test reveals the existence of one of the most fundamental assumptions of environmental studies, namely the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). As policy implications, it is recommended that authorities set up property rights as well as an emission permit market to solve environmental externalities.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is environmental degradation linked to transaction cost in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Salim

Xavera

Ricado

et al. 2023

5049

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“…This way gives a fair opportunity for alternative energies to compete in the energy market. 61 A precise way for estimating CoE for specific HES installation is expressed in terms of key financial aspects as 63 , 64 :

where

present the annual capital cost of PV, wind and diesel electric generators systems respectively.

refer to the annual O&M costs of PV, wind and diesel electric generators systems respectively.…”

Section: Proposed Hybrid Energy System Design Options and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The best case with the lowest harmful emission is when using PV/wind/diesel electric generators HES. The CO 2 mitigation cost saving can be calculated as follows 60,61 :

C_{CO 2} = {EF}_{CO 2} \times G_{elec} \times f_{ren} \times \emptyset_{CO 2}

{EF}_{CO 2}

is the emission factor of CO 2 [kg CO 2 /kWh],

G_{elec}

is the generated electrical power [kW],

f_{ren}

refers to the friction coefficient of the renewable energy [kW], and

\emptyset_{CO 2}

indicates to the international price of CO 2 . And it is expected to be $79.10/ton CO 2 for 2022 62…”

Section: Proposed Hybrid Energy System Design Options and Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standalone hybrid PV/wind/diesel‐electric generator system for a COVID‐19 quarantine center

El‐Khozondar

El-batta²,

El‐Khozondar

et al. 2022

Env Prog and Sustain Energy

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This work is motivated by the need in overcoming the electricity crisis in Gaza, which is initiated due to political reasons and the spread of COVID‐19. Building quarantine centers is one of the most important means used in combating the COVID‐19, but connecting these centers to the electricity distribution network at the appropriate time is not always possible and increases the burden on the local utility company. This article proposed a hybrid off‐grid energy system (HES) to effectively energize the quarantine COVID‐19 center in Gaza economically and environmentally. To achieve this aim, the estimated load profile of the quarantine center is fed to the HOMER‐Pro program. In addition, the various systems components are introduced to the program, then modeled, and optimized. The developed approach was tested using a real case study considering realistic input data. HOMER‐Pro program is used to simulate and optimize the system design. The results revealed the potential of the HES to provide environment‐friendly, cost‐effective, and affordable electricity for the studied quarantine center, as compared to just the diesel generators system. For the considered case study, it is found that the PV‐wind‐diesel generators HES can cover the connected load with the lowest cost ($ 0.348/kWh) in comparison to other possible HES structures. Taking into consideration the price of harmful emissions, the wining system shows a reduction of 54.89% of the cost of energy (CoE) compared to other systems. For the considered case study, it is found that a combination of 150 kW PV, 200 kW wind, and two diesel generators with capacities of 500 and 250 kW can hold 100% of the electrical load required to keep the quarantine COVID‐19 center in operation. The initial capital cost of this HES is $510,576 where the share of wind energy, solar PV, inverter, and diesel‐electric generators are $320,000, $83,076, $25,000, and $82,500, respectively. The replacemen cost ($55,918) is due to diesel generators. The total operation and maintainance cost (O&M) is $268,737, that is, 25.6% for wind turbines, 1.2% for inverters, and 70.7% for diesel electric generators. The PV/wind/diesel generators HES generate 1,659,038 kWh of electricity. The total energy requirement of 1,442,553 kWh, which means a surplus of 212,553 kWh of energy/year. The total energy (kWh) is an integration of energy sources which are 427,276 (25.8%), 274,500 (16.5%), and 857,263 (57.7%), due to wind, solar and diesel generators respectively. The cost of yearly consumed fuel is $437,828.769. The payback period for the winning system is 1.8 years. Finally, it is proved that the developed approach gives a reasonable solution to the decision‐makers to find a fast, economic and reliable solution to energize the quarantine centers.

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“…The impacts of these polluting sources cause several environmental problems that affect the quality of life of human beings. External costs reflect the damage caused by these emissions in the form of externality and, in this case, it is completely negative [13]. Therefore, the traditional economic feasibility analysis may be inaccurate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated analysis of photovoltaic system externalities in Brazil: public health expenditures, energy quality, architectural aspects and real estate value

Castro

Filho

Toledo

et al. 2022

Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain.

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Photovoltaic solar energy systems is a renewable source that has raised great worldwide interest in recent decades. However, in Brazil still, the cost of photovoltaic (PV) systems is still high, and the current public policies are incipient. From 2014 to 2019, an average growth of 203% per year was observed in the installed PV power systems in Brazil. Such performance can also be justified by a greater understanding of externalities, i.e., external positive and negative impacts inherent to the generation of electric energy. The objective is to understand the economic effects of photovoltaic externalities from different perspectives. The following externalities were studied: air pollution; energy quality; construction element; thermal load and real estate valuation, and all of them were analyzed for the Brazilian scenario. The results indicated that the externality of air pollution, which has impacts on health, estimated from the society perspective, could be worth, at least, 4.12% of the price of the energy generated by PV systems. The losses avoided and the voltage profile, energy quality parameters, may account to 12.61% of the electricity price for utilities, and from the consumer perspective, the externality real estate value may be around 79.44% of the price of the electricity generated by photovoltaic systems. The results of this study indicate that the externalities were, for the most part, positive for PV electric energy generating systems. Thus, considering externalities, it is intended to further understand their relationship with the expansion of the distributed generation of electric energy with PV systems in Brazil.

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Estimation of Environmental Damage Costs from CO<sub>2</sub>e Emissions in Libya and the Revenue from Carbon Tax Implementation

Cited by 18 publications

References 7 publications

Is environmental degradation linked to transaction cost in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Is environmental degradation linked to transaction cost in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Standalone hybrid PV/wind/diesel‐electric generator system for a COVID‐19 quarantine center

Integrated analysis of photovoltaic system externalities in Brazil: public health expenditures, energy quality, architectural aspects and real estate value

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