Estimation of Dermal Absorption Using the Exponential Saturation Model

Thongsinthusak, Thomas; Ross, John H.; Saiz, Steven G.; Krieger, Robert I.

doi:10.1006/rtph.1998.1274

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…5) are in line with those previously reported and showing that dermal absorption is the primary route-of-entry for both mixers/loaders/applicators and re-entry workers in contact with pesticides (Gunther et al, 1977;Ritcey et al, 1987;Thongsinthusak et al, 1999;Ross et al, 2001;Geer et al, 2004). In particular, de Cock et al (1995) and Hansen et al (1978) found that respiratory exposure route to captan was minor compared to dermal absorption.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…However, depending on tasks and activities, workers are not exposed constantly or equally during a workday or a week. When feasible, it is thus preferable to obtain complete daily collections over several days to assess most accurately worker exposure, as suggested by some authors (Woollen, 1993;Thongsinthusak et al, 1999;Ross et al, 2001), instead of spot urine samples. This was also particularly evident from our results, showing that an overestimation or underestimation of exposure may be induced with punctual urines, as illustrated in Figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…spraying and harvest activities) were also assessed in workers. However, according to some authors (Woollen, 1993;Thongsinthusak et al, 1999;Ross et al, 2001), to accurately estimate absorption, especially through the dermal route, the optimal sampling protocol would be to collect 24-h voids for 7 days in a worker performing different tasks during a workweek and thus subjected to various exposure scenarios.…”

Section: Captanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Detailed Urinary Excretion Time Course Study of Captan and Folpet Biomarkers in Workers for the Estimation of Dose, Main Route-of-Entry and Most Appropriate Sampling and Analysis Strategies

Berthet¹,

Heredia-Ortiz²,

Vernez³

et al. 2012

Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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Captan and folpet are two fungicides largely used in agriculture, but biomonitoring data are mostly limited to measurements of captan metabolite concentrations in spot urine samples of workers, which complicate interpretation of results in terms of internal dose estimation, daily variations according to tasks performed, and most plausible routes of exposure. This study aimed at performing repeated biological measurements of exposure to captan and folpet in field workers (i) to better assess internal dose along with main routes-of-entry according to tasks and (ii) to establish most appropriate sampling and analysis strategies. The detailed urinary excretion time courses of specific and non-specific biomarkers of exposure to captan and folpet were established in tree farmers (n 5 2) and grape growers (n 5 3) over a typical workweek (seven consecutive days), including spraying and harvest activities. The impact of the expression of urinary measurements [excretion rate values adjusted or not for creatinine or cumulative amounts over given time periods (8, 12, and 24 h)] was evaluated. Absorbed doses and main routes-of-entry were then estimated from the 24-h cumulative urinary amounts through the use of a kinetic model. The time courses showed that exposure levels were higher during spraying than harvest activities. Model simulations also suggest a limited absorption in the studied workers and an exposure mostly through the dermal route. It further pointed out the advantage of expressing biomarker values in terms of body weight-adjusted amounts in repeated 24-h urine collections as compared to concentrations or excretion rates in spot samples, without the necessity for creatinine corrections.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Captanmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Detailed Urinary Excretion Time Course Study of Captan and Folpet Biomarkers in Workers for the Estimation of Dose, Main Route-of-Entry and Most Appropriate Sampling and Analysis Strategies

Berthet¹,

Heredia-Ortiz²,

Vernez³

et al. 2012

Annals of Occupational Hygiene

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“…3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Pesticide applications to the home by a second party can result in both dermal and respiratory exposure. Other common routes of exposure to the general public include drinking water and dietary sources.…”

Section: Pesticide Exposures and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Among adults applying liquid pesticides of low volatility, dermal exposures typically account for 90% of pesticide exposures. [14][15][16] The dermal penetration can vary between 2% and 20% if the pesticide is left on the skin for 8 hours or longer, 15 and therefore the use of proper protective equipment including chemical-resistant gloves and protective suits when handling the pesticide can substantially reduce exposure. 17 When the skin is immediately washed after pesticide use, a substantial additional reduction takes place.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased cancer burden among pesticide applicators and others due to pesticide exposure

Alavanja

Ross

Bonner

2013

CA A Cancer J Clinicians

291

213

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A growing number of well-designed epidemiological and molecular studies provide substantial evidence that the pesticides used in agricultural, commercial, and home and garden applications are associated with excess cancer risk. This risk is associated both with those applying the pesticide and, under some conditions, those who are simply bystanders to the application. In this article, the epidemiological, molecular biology, and toxicological evidence emerging from recent literature assessing the link between specific pesticides and several cancers including prostate cancer, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, and breast cancer are integrated. Although the review is not exhaustive in its scope or depth, the literature does strongly suggest that the public health problem is real. If we are to avoid the introduction of harmful chemicals into the environment in the future, the integrated efforts of molecular biology, pesticide toxicology, and epidemiology are needed to help identify the human carcinogens and thereby improve our understanding of human carcinogenicity and reduce cancer risk. CA Cancer J Clin 2013;63:120-142.

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Determination of ADME and Bioavailability Following Intravenous, Oral, and Dermal Routes of Exposure

Saghir

2009

CP Toxicology

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Humans are exposed to chemicals either voluntarily or involuntarily through several routes. Therapeutic drugs are introduced into the human system via a number of routes including, but not limited to, oral, inhalation, intravenous (i.v.), topical, and subcutaneous. For occupational and environmental chemicals, the major routes of human exposure are inhalation, dermal, and oral. To determine the extent of exposure to chemicals, the concentration of the active molecules is measured in a biological medium. Determination of absolute and/or relative bioavailability of occupational and environmental chemical exposure through different routes is critical in understanding the risk to the general population of a low-level exposure to these chemicals. This unit describes typical protocol designs to generate data for the calculation of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) and absolute and relative bioavailability of chemicals when exposed through i.v., oral, and dermal routes.

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Estimation of Dermal Absorption Using the Exponential Saturation Model

Cited by 18 publications

References 7 publications

A Detailed Urinary Excretion Time Course Study of Captan and Folpet Biomarkers in Workers for the Estimation of Dose, Main Route-of-Entry and Most Appropriate Sampling and Analysis Strategies

A Detailed Urinary Excretion Time Course Study of Captan and Folpet Biomarkers in Workers for the Estimation of Dose, Main Route-of-Entry and Most Appropriate Sampling and Analysis Strategies

Increased cancer burden among pesticide applicators and others due to pesticide exposure

Determination of ADME and Bioavailability Following Intravenous, Oral, and Dermal Routes of Exposure

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