Estimation of a method detection limit for anin vivoXRF arsenic detection system

Abstract

An x-ray fluorescence measurement system has been developed with an 125I source to detect arsenic in superficial layers of phantoms and tissue. Based on in vivo measurements, in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulations, the detection limit for arsenic in skin ranges between 2.6+/-0.5 and 5.7+/-1.1 microg g(-1), depending on skin thickness and assuming that arsenic is uniformly distributed in the skin. The effect of skin arsenic distribution was also examined.

Portable x-ray fluorescence for assessing trace elements in rice and rice products: Comparison with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

“…1). Since the mean free path of the most energetic characteristic x-rays under consideration in this study (K α x-rays from As at 10.5 keV) is only E2 mm in rice (Studinski et al, 2005), this geometry ensured that the XRF signal was not influenced by differences between samples in factors such as height, density, or moisture content. The column had a Kapton window at its base, which was placed directly against the XRF beam window for the duration of the measurement.…”

Advances in functional X-ray imaging techniques and contrast agents

“…95–97 This technique is also applicable to the study of a variety of biological samples 95–109 to investigate metal toxicity 95–96, 109 , the uptake and distribution of metallopharmacueticals 99 , and intracellullar elemental distributions. 95–99, 106–109 In addition, in vivo studies have been performed to non-invasively determine the lead concentration in the bones of children and young adults, 100–101 arsenic in human skin, 110–111 and iodine in the thyroid 112 .…”

In vivo applications of X-ray fluorescence in human subjects

“…A final example of a toxic measurement is arsenic, where the preferred site of measurement is skin. Development work has been performed by Studinski et al [12] and also by Gherase and Fleming [13]. This brief listing is not comprehensive, but it should provide an impression of the range of elements for which X-ray fluorescence measurement systems have been developed.…”