Estimation of 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion Using Spot Urine Samples

Rhee, Moo-Yong; Kim, Jihyun; Shin, Sung-Joon; Gu, Namyi; Nah, Deuk-Young; Hong, Kyung-Soon; Cho, Eun-Joo; Sung, Ki‐Chul

doi:10.3390/nu6062360

Cited by 59 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…With the Kawasaki formula, the same accuracy will only be reached for individuals with intake ranging from 12 to 18 g/day. This conclusion is in agreement with recent reviews [21][22][23][24] , but different from other studies that considered the estimations of salt consumption based on casual urine to be adequate for epidemiological analyses or for follow-up of individual consumption 8,9,11,12,32,33 . The acceptance of methods, however, was based on analyses of agreement.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

Estudo de validação das equações de Tanaka e de Kawasaki para estimar a excreção diária de sódio através da coleta da urina casual

Mill

Rodrigues

Baldo

et al. 2015

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

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ABSTRACT:Objective: To validate Tanaka and Kawasaki's formulas to calculate the salt intake by the sodium/creatinine ratio in spot of urine. Methods: Two hundred and seventy two adults (20 -69 years old; 52.6% women) with 24 h urine collection and two urinary spots collected on the same day (while fastingspot 1 -or not fasting -spot 2). Anthropometry, blood pressure and fasting blood were measured on the same day. The analysis of agreement between salt consumption measured in the 24 h urine test and urinary spots were determined by the Pearson's correlation (r) and the Bland & Altman method. Results: The mean salt consumption measured by the 24 h sodium excretion was 10.4 ± 5.3 g/day. The correlation between the measured 24 h sodium excretion and the estimation based on spots 1 and 2, respectively, was only moderated according to Tanaka (r = 0.51 and r = 0.55; p < 0.001) and to Kawasaki (r = 0.52 and r = 0.54; p < 0.001). We observed an increasing underestimation of salt consumption by Tanaka to increasing salt consumption and conversely, an overestimation of consumption by the Kawasaki formula. The estimation of salt consumption (difference between measured and calculated salt consumption lower than 1 g/day) was adequate only when the consumption was between 9 -12 g/day (Tanaka) and 12 -18 g/day (Kawasaki). Conclusion: Spot urine sampling is adequate to estimate salt consumption only among individuals with an actual consumption near the population mean.

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supporting

confidence: 75%

Estudo de validação das equações de Tanaka e de Kawasaki para estimar a excreção diária de sódio através da coleta da urina casual

Mill

Rodrigues

Baldo

et al. 2015

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

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“…The assessment revealed contradictory conclusions. Kawasaki's equation seems to overestimate sodium excretion by differing degree [49][50][51]. Whereas Cogswell et al [49] found an average overestimation of more than Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Presented are median and interquartile range (box) and the 5th and 95th percentile (whiskers) Table 5 Correlation of creatinine estimates obtained with various equations Kawasaki [33] Tanaka [32] Toft [31] Johner [36] Kawasaki [ [50] concluded that the estimates with Kawasaki's equation were the least biased. Brown's equation, in contrast, seems to underestimate daily sodium excretion by a differing degree [49][50][51]. Cogswell et al [49] concluded that results obtained with Brown's equation are least biased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sodium intake in Germany estimated from sodium excretion measured in spot urine samples

2016

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Background: Population sodium intake and its impact on public health has been a subject of a critical scientific debate for many years. The German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1) facilitate the biomarker-based estimation of sodium intake of the German population, although using spot urine concentrations to extrapolate to daily excretion estimates is associated with uncertainties that should be considered. Methods: Casual spot urine samples of 6910 German adults collected in DEGS1 were used to representatively estimate sodium intake of the German population. To extrapolate from spot urine concentrations to daily sodium excretion, five published equations were applied, and the results were compared to recommended sodium intake values. Results: The estimated means range from 166-230 mmol/d (men) and from 124-194 mmol/d (women). The variability of results also differs between applied equations; interquartile ranges vary between 41 and 133 mmol (men) and 21 and 118 mmol (women). Conclusions: Regardless of the applied equation, most German adults consume much more sodium than recommended by several institutions. To reduce uncertainty and to fully exploit the potential of biomarker-based estimates of sodium intake, either the sampling strategy should be expanded or the extrapolation from spot urines to daily intake should be refined.

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“…(12,13), con los datos presentados no podemos indicar cuánto es la ingesta, cuál es la fuente de sodio ingerida ni cuanto es el consumo diario de sodio. El valor que presenta la excreción de sodio en una muestra espontánea de orina a nivel individual no tiene ningún significado y no está recomendado por ninguna guía clínica.…”

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