Estimation model for evaporative emissions from gasoline vehicles based on thermodynamics

Hata, Hiroo; Kokuryo, Kazuo; Okada, Megumi; Funakubo, Chikage; Tonokura, Kenichi

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.030

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…As mentioned in the Introduction, there are two mechanisms for VOC emissions from gasoline cars: tailpipe exhaust and evaporative emissions. According to previous studies [19,21], the latter include a high ratio of alkanes. However, this study showed that tailpipe exhaust emissions include mainly high MIR compounds like alkenes and aromatics; thus, the management of tailpipe VOC emissions are still an important factor to address in terms of the formation of tropospheric ozone.…”

Section: Trends Of Tailpipe Vocs Emissions and Ozone Formation Potentmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Previous studies have described the detailed behavior and analytical methods of evaporative emissions from both long-term parking and refueling processes [19][20][21]; however, few studies have analyzed tailpipe VOC emissions from late model passenger vehicles in the Japanese market. To address this, we conducted chassis dynamometer measurements for late model gasoline passenger vehicles (mini-sized gasoline vehicles, standard-sized gasoline vehicles, and hybrid gasoline vehicles) in the Japanese market to understand VOC emission trends for each type of vehicle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tailpipe VOC Emissions from Late Model Gasoline Passenger Vehicles in the Japanese Market

Hata¹,

Okada²,

Funakubo³

et al. 2019

Atmosphere

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High concentrations of tropospheric ozone remain a concern, and strategies to reduce the precursors of ozone, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides, have been established in many countries. In this study, chassis dynamometer experiments were conducted for 25 late model gasoline passenger vehicles in the Japanese market to evaluate VOC emission trends. Tailpipe emissions were collected and analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometer and flame ionization detector, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Results showed that tailpipe VOC emissions increased linearly with vehicle mileage due to deterioration of the three-way catalysis converter used to purify the toxic components in vehicle emissions. Distance normalized total VOC emissions showed that port injection mini-sized vehicles were effective in decreasing tailpipe VOC emissions because of their low vehicle weight. The VOC composition of tailpipe emissions was dependent on the fuel type (regular or premium gasoline). VOC emissions from hybrid vehicles were similar to those of other vehicles because cooling of the three-way catalysis converter during battery operations sometimes tended to reduce catalyst effectiveness during engine operations. However, it can also be assumed that each manufacturer is aware of this phenomenon and is taking action. Further monitoring of hybrid vehicles is warranted to ensure that these vehicles remain an effective means of mitigating air pollution.

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Section: Trends Of Tailpipe Vocs Emissions and Ozone Formation Potentmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tailpipe VOC Emissions from Late Model Gasoline Passenger Vehicles in the Japanese Market

Hata¹,

Okada²,

Funakubo³

et al. 2019

Atmosphere

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“…Notably, the gasoline composition could not be determined for April 2020 owing to a delivery accident. However, considering the results of our previous study, we presumed that the gasoline used in April 2020 was similar to the WGG used in December 2019 [19]. The test periods were July and December 2019 and April 2020.…”

Section: Measurement Of Puff Loss Emissionsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Evaporative emissions result from fuel-based VOC evaporation in gasoline vehicles; further, these emissions can be attributed to running losses, hot-soak losses, diurnal breathing losses, refueling emissions, and puff losses. Previous studies have comprehensively examined the different mechanisms underlying evaporative emissions [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. However, few studies have focused on puff loss emissions, which have been deemed as potentially significant atmospheric pollutants by the US Environmental Protection Agency [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Gasoline Evaporative Emissions from Fuel-Cap Removal after a Real-World Driving Event

Hata¹,

Tanaka

Noumura

et al. 2020

Atmosphere

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This study evaluated gasoline evaporative emissions from fuel-cap removal during the refueling process (or “puff loss”) for one gasoline vehicle in the Japanese market. Specifically, the puff loss emissions were measured after a real-world driving event in urban Tokyo, Japan for different seasons and gasoline types. The experimental results indicated higher puff loss emissions during summer than in winter and spring despite using low vapor pressure gasoline during summer. These higher puff loss emissions accounted maximally for more than 4 g of the emissions from the tested vehicle. The irregular emission trends could be attributed to the complex relationships between physical parameters such as fuel-tank filling, ambient temperature, ambient pressure, and gasoline vapor pressure. Furthermore, an estimation model was developed based on the theory of thermodynamics to determine puff loss emissions under arbitrary environmental conditions. The estimation model included no fitting parameter and was in good agreement with the measured puff loss emissions. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to elucidate the effects of three physical parameters, i.e., fuel tank-filling, ambient pressure, and gasoline type, on puff loss emissions. The results indicated that fuel tank-filling was the most important parameter affecting the quantity of puff loss emissions. Further, the proposed puff loss estimation model is likely to aid the evaluation of future volatile organic compound emission inventories.

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“…US EPA categorizes evaporative emissions based on the evaporative mechanism with the following processes: permeation (the migration of hydrocarbons through materials in the fuel system), tank vapor venting (TVV—vapor generated in fuel system lost to the atmosphere when not contained by evaporative emissions control system), liquid leaks (liquid fuel leaking from the fuel system ultimately evaporating), and refueling emissions (spillage and vapor displacement as a result of refueling). Other sources of VOCs are the so-called background emissions and are direct emissions from the vehicles’ paint, tires, plastic components, interior trims, or other fluids and tend to be very small compared with evaporation and permeation emissions (Hata et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An experimental study to investigate typical temperature conditions in fuel tanks of European vehicles

Grigoratos

Martini

Massimo

2019

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Vehicular evaporative emissions have been recognized as an important source of volatile organic compounds to the environment and are of high environmental concern since these compounds have been associated to the formation of surface ozone and secondary organic aerosols. Evaporative emissions occur during any vehicle operation. In Europe, a revised legislative test procedure has been recently introduced to better control evaporative emissions during parking. However, emissions related to normal driving conditions—the so-called running losses—have received less attention compared with the other categories. The current study aims at giving some insights to the prevailing temperature conditions in fuel tanks of typical European vehicles during normal driving operation. The effects of ambient air temperature, trip duration, vehicle speed, and fuel tank level on the temperature reached by the fuel inside the tank under different real-world operating conditions were studied. Tank temperature can exceed 40 °C depending on ambient and driving conditions. Ambient temperature was found to be the most important parameter affecting the tank temperature. Trip duration and driving pattern may also have an influence on the tank temperature particularly when long trips combined with high vehicle speed are examined. Additionally, the difference between tank and ambient temperature was examined during the individual trips and was found to vary between 1 and 10 °C depending on the testing conditions. The most important parameters affecting the delta temperature were found to be the trip duration and the maximum vehicle speed. Finally, the purging strategy of two of the test vehicles was monitored, and the parameters affecting the purging flow rate were investigated. No strong correlation between the canister flow rate with ambient temperature, vehicle speed, or fuel level was observed in either of the tested vehicles. Substantially different canister flow rate levels between the two vehicles point to different purging strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s11356-019-04985-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Estimation model for evaporative emissions from gasoline vehicles based on thermodynamics

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

Tailpipe VOC Emissions from Late Model Gasoline Passenger Vehicles in the Japanese Market

Tailpipe VOC Emissions from Late Model Gasoline Passenger Vehicles in the Japanese Market

Evaluation of Gasoline Evaporative Emissions from Fuel-Cap Removal after a Real-World Driving Event

An experimental study to investigate typical temperature conditions in fuel tanks of European vehicles

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