Estimating Wind Speeds of Convective Storms from Tree Damage

Frelich, Lee E.; Ostuno, Ernest J.

doi:10.55599/ejssm.v7i9.45

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 43 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Tree height and distance from the distribution lines are listed in Table I [54]. It is assumed that height of all distribution lines is 10.5 m. The critical wind speeds for the uprooting and stem breakage of the spruce are assumed to be 37 and 46 m/s, respectively [55]. In the simulations, it is assumed that the values of  and  are 0.3 and 0.6, respectively [36].…”

Section: Numerical Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Pre-Storm Island Formation Framework to Improve Distribution System Resilience Considering Tree-Caused Failures

et al. 2022

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This paper presents a new framework for island formation prior to windstorms, which considers tree-caused failures of distribution networks. In the proposed framework, both direct and indirect effects of windstorms on distribution lines are quantified. Thus, a novel discrete Markov chain model is proposed for representing the failure modes of trees in each time interval of windstorm duration. This model categorizes ''healthy'', ''uprooted'', ''stem breakage'', and ''branch breakage'' states of a tree. In addition, a new linetree interaction model is presented for calculating tree-caused failure probability of overhead lines. The results of the proposed Markov model are taken as inputs by the developed line-tree interaction model. In these models, the different characteristics of windstorms are taken into account. Tree vulnerability to

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Section: Numerical Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Pre-Storm Island Formation Framework to Improve Distribution System Resilience Considering Tree-Caused Failures

et al. 2022

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“…1 explicitly writes the roughness as an archive of historical extreme events. Previous researchers have used historical records of tree damage and the enhanced Fujita scale (EF scale) to back out information regarding wind speeds ( 23 , 24 ). However, the EF-scale is discrete, and this approach does not inform f p ( p ) or F R t ( R t ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, we must know how climate feedback, like changing wind speeds, will change rates of tree mortality and threaten the residence time of carbon stored in forest biomass. Efforts to quantify rates of windthrow to evaluate its impact on carbon dynamics have historically faced challenges posed by the long recurrence interval and stochasticity of extreme events that drive it ( 23 , 24 ). Here, we demonstrate that the topographic roughness of forests serves as an archive of windthrow events and can be used to quantify the process.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hillslope roughness reveals forest sensitivity to extreme winds

Doane

Yanites

Edmonds

et al. 2023

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Windthrow, or the uprooting of trees by extreme wind gusts, is a natural forest disturbance that creates microhabitats, turns over soil, alters hydrology, and removes carbon from the above-ground carbon stock. Long recurrence intervals between extreme wind events, however, make direct observations of windthrow rare, challenging our understanding of this important disturbance process. To overcome this difficulty, we present an approach that uses the geomorphic record of hillslope topographic roughness as a proxy for the occurrence of windthrow. The approach produces a probability function of the number of annual windthrow events for a maximum wind speed, allowing us to explore how windthrow or tree strengths may change due to shifting wind climates. Slight changes to extreme wind speeds may drive comparatively large changes in windthrow production rates or force trees to respond and change the distribution. We also highlight that topographic roughness has the potential to serve as an important archive of extreme wind speeds.

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“…(2009);Osetrov (2002);Quine and Gardiner (2007);Kärvemo et al (2014a);Kärvemo et al (2014b) . (1998);Peterson and Pickett (1991);Foster and Boose (1992);Stathers et al (1994);Anyomi et al (2017);Jõgiste et al (1997);Peterson and Rebertus (1997);Arévalo et al (2000);Peterson (2004);Göthlin et al (2000);Rich et al, 2007;Jönsson M T, et al (2007);Kärvemo et al (2014a);Sato et al (2017);Greenberg (2021);Frelich and Ostuno (2012);Korolyova et al…”

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confidence: 99%

The fate of remnant trees after wind disturbances in boreal and temperate forests

Palm-Hellenurm,

Bāders,

Frelich

et al. 2024

Front. For. Glob. Change

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Trees that survive disturbances are important biological legacies that facilitate forests’ recovery and enhance their structural and species diversity, substantially contributing to the resilience of these ecosystems. The dynamic pattern of legacy syndromes sets the understudied aspects of survivors of wind disturbance into focus. Several factors at tree, stand, and landscape scales alter the susceptibility of the remnant trees, and affect their potential to recover and survive subsequent disturbances. The characteristics of the survivors interact with direct stress and mortality drivers such as changed environmental conditions and pressure by pests and pathogens. Climate change further enhances the post-storm vulnerability of the remaining stand. This literature review analyzes the impact of disturbance parameters (e.g., severity, seasonal timing) and characteristics of the affected forest (e.g., tree species composition, successional stage of a forest stand) on the conditions of survivors through post-windthrow stand development. We attempted to reveal the main agents and processes driving the fate of remnant trees and linked delayed mortality patterns to the main stand-scale wind disturbance regimes in Eurasian and North American boreal and temperate forests: (1) stand-replacing, (2) partially stand-replacing, and (3) fine-scale gap disturbance. We found that after stand-replacing wind disturbance, the spatial location of the remaining trees largely determines their onward fate, whereas these survivors are generally more susceptible to subsequent mortality compared to trees that survived less severe events. After partially stand-replacing wind disturbance, the structure of the remnant stand as well as characteristics of the individual remnant trees (e.g., species, age, size) largely determine their survival probability. Following a fine-scale gap disturbance, the trees at the gap edge are more likely to die, compared to the trees situated in the stand interior, but the mortality-causing processes usually operate on a longer time scale. Our findings contribute to the current knowledge on post-windthrow stand development and offer insights into temporal stability of these increasingly important biological legacies.

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Estimating Wind Speeds of Convective Storms from Tree Damage

Cited by 4 publications

References 43 publications

A Novel Pre-Storm Island Formation Framework to Improve Distribution System Resilience Considering Tree-Caused Failures

A Novel Pre-Storm Island Formation Framework to Improve Distribution System Resilience Considering Tree-Caused Failures

Hillslope roughness reveals forest sensitivity to extreme winds

The fate of remnant trees after wind disturbances in boreal and temperate forests

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