Estimating the Medical Care Costs of Obesity in the United States: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Empirical Analysis

Kim, David D.; Basu, Anirban

doi:10.1016/j.jval.2016.02.008

Cited by 288 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Direct medical costs are estimated to be up to 45% higher for obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) individuals as compared to those for normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m 2 ) individuals, with a crude overall estimate of 30% higher costs (125, 434, 513). A 2016 meta-analysis of studies investigating the economic burden of obesity in the United States reported that the direct medical costs of obesity was $1,910 per person annually (234), translating to nearly $150 billion on the national level (234). For diabetes, healthcare costs in 2012 amounted to $245 billion, with on average $13,700 in medical expenditures annually for each patient with diabetes (19).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation to the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Burhans

Hagman

Kuzma

et al. 2018

Comprehensive Physiology

275

241

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The objective of this comprehensive review is to summarize and discuss the available evidence of how adipose tissue inflammation affects insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Low-grade, chronic adipose tissue inflammation is characterized by infiltration of macrophages and other immune cell populations into adipose tissue, and a shift towards more pro-inflammatory subtypes of leukocytes. The infiltration of pro-inflammatory cells in adipose tissue is associated with an increased production of key chemokines such as C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α and interleukins 1β and 6, as well as reduced expression of the key insulin sensitizing adipokine, adiponectin. In both rodent models and humans, adipose tissue inflammation is consistently associated with excess fat mass and insulin resistance. In humans, associations with insulin resistance are stronger and more consistent for inflammation in visceral as opposed to subcutaneous fat. Further, genetic alterations in mouse models of obesity that reduce adipose tissue inflammation are – almost without exception - associated with improved insulin sensitivity. However, a dissociation between adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance can be observed in very few rodent models of obesity as well as in humans following bariatric surgery- or low-calorie diet-induced weight loss, illustrating that the etiology of insulin resistance is multifactorial. Taken together, adipose tissue inflammation is a key factor in the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obesity, along with other factors that likely include inflammation and fat accumulation in other metabolically active tissues.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation to the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Burhans

Hagman

Kuzma

et al. 2018

Comprehensive Physiology

275

241

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In many countries, public health systems are struggling to deal with the physical and psychological consequences of obesity and its concomitant illnesses, such as metabolic syndrome [2], sleep disorders [3], depression [4,5], diabetes [6], and heart disease [7]. The United States spends nearly $150 billion per year in direct health care costs related to obesity [8]. These staggering statistics reflect the fact that hundreds of millions of individuals affected by obesity have spent a significant period of time in a state of chronic energy surplus, suggesting that their brains have at some point in time failed to accurately balance food intake with their actual energy needs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Interoceptive contributions to healthy eating and obesity

Simmons

DeVille

2017

Current Opinion in Psychology

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Obesity results from persistent failure by the brain to balance food intake with energy needs, resulting in a state of chronic energy surplus. Although there are many factors that predispose individuals to weight gain and obesity, the current review focuses on two ways eating behavior may be influenced by sensitivity to interoceptive signals of hunger, satiety, and metabolic energy reserves. First, obesity may be related to hypersensitivity to interoceptive signals of hunger, leading to positive alliesthesia for food cues that undermine attempts to change unhealthy eating behaviors. Second, overeating and obesity may arise from an inability to accurately detect interoceptive signals of satiety and positive energy balance. The findings reviewed herein demonstrate that obesity may be related to altered interoception, and warrant the continued development of novel obesity interventions aimed at promoting interoceptive awareness.

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“…Being obese has serious implications for health such as elevated risks for diabetes, hypertension, and ultimately premature death (Masters et al 2013; Mokdad et al 2003; Surgeon General 2001; Thompson et al 1999). The obesity epidemic also has serious economic implications, as a recent meta-analysis estimated that direct health care costs associated with obesity totaled more than $149.4 billion dollars in 2014 alone (Kim and Basu 2016). …”

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confidence: 99%

Long-term neighborhood poverty trajectories and obesity in a sample of california mothers

et al. 2017

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Neighborhoods (and people) are not static, and are instead shaped by dynamic long-term processes of change (and mobility). Using the Geographic Research on Wellbeing survey, a population-based sample of 2,339 Californian mothers, we characterize then investigate how long-term latent neighborhood poverty trajectories predict the likelihood of obesity, taking into account short-term individual residential mobility. We find that, net of individual and neighborhood-level controls, living in or moving to tracts that experienced long-term low poverty was associated with lower odds of being obese relative to living in tracts characterized by long-term high poverty.

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Estimating the Medical Care Costs of Obesity in the United States: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Empirical Analysis

Cited by 288 publications

References 34 publications

Contribution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation to the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Contribution of Adipose Tissue Inflammation to the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Interoceptive contributions to healthy eating and obesity

Long-term neighborhood poverty trajectories and obesity in a sample of california mothers

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