Estimating the global waste heat potential

Forman, Clemens; Muritala, Ibrahim Kolawole; Pardemann, Robert; Meyer, Bernd

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.192

Cited by 799 publications

(416 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…[1] The loss of heat happens in many different ways in different sectors with aw ide range of temperatures from 100 to 1000 8C. [1] The loss of heat happens in many different ways in different sectors with aw ide range of temperatures from 100 to 1000 8C.…”

Section: Industrial Heatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powering the Hydrogen Economy from Waste Heat: A Review of Heat‐to‐Hydrogen Concepts

Mulla

Dunnill

2019

ChemSusChem

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Ever‐increasing energy demands and environmental concerns require new and clean energy supplies, many of which are intermittent and do not correlate with demand. To balance supply with demand, a universal energy vector should be employed such that intermittent renewable energy can be stored and transported and then used when needed. Hydrogen is the perfect universal energy vector and a possible solution that ensures environmental cleanliness, maximum utilization of renewable energy sources, and high efficiency, whereby the combustion of the fuel yields only water. One abundant and freely available energy source—both anthropogenic and natural—is heat. Heat can be obtained from industrial processes and is indeed often viewed as a waste product with a premium to remove but is notoriously difficult to capture, store, and transport. Capturing and storing low‐grade heat therefore provides a significant opportunity and can be achieved by coupling thermoelectric generators and water electrolyzers. A thermoelectric generator is placed within a thermal energy gradient and produces a flow of current that is fed to the electrolysis unit with which it produces hydrogen and oxygen as the final products. The hydrogen can be stored for long periods and transported for “on‐demand” use in fuel cells for electricity from hydrogen burners for a return to thermal energy. This Review summarizes the current state‐of‐the‐art research into implementing thermoelectric generators and utilizing heat as a primary energy source to produce hydrogen, which could replace the need for extra electric power to run hydrogen production units. Furthermore, suitable requirements, modifications, and other related aspects associated with such a new and novel method of hydrogen generation are discussed. Hydrogen produced from otherwise‐wasted energy sources can be considered to be green.

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Section: Industrial Heatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Powering the Hydrogen Economy from Waste Heat: A Review of Heat‐to‐Hydrogen Concepts

Mulla

Dunnill

2019

ChemSusChem

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“…The recovery of low grade waste heat from industries is considered as an enabler of energy efficiency and CO2 emission reduction, and recent literature is therefore rich in contributions reviewing recovery technologies for specific processes and industry sectors [36][37][38], or estimating waste heat potentials at regional, international and global levels [39][40][41].…”

Section: Case Study Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-energy and GHG nexus assessment of alternative heat recovery options in industry: A case study on electric steelmaking in Europe

Santin

Saro

2017

Energy

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In the last few years, the water-energy nexus concept has emerged as a global issue in the international research community. However, studies on European countries are relatively few, and often focused on the energy sector and agriculture, even though industry dominates water use in many European countries. Cooling purposes represent the main part of industrial water demand, and waste heat recovery is perceived as a main strategy to improve industrial resource efficiency. In this paper, we consider a real case study of low-temperature waste-heat recovery in an electric steelmaking industry and evaluate the impact of feasible interventions on primary energy and water consumption, as well as on CO2 equivalent emissions. Based on a Europe wide review of energy and water prices, of energy sources and corresponding resource efficiency indicators, a Monte Carlo model was developed to undertake a generalization of the case study to the EU-15. It was found that, in spite of common intuition, solutions with the lowest primary energy demand and the lowest CO2 equivalent emissions demonstrate the greatest water footprint. This is especially the case of southern European countries, where heat recovery projects with the highest water intensity are economically feasible due to high electricity and low water prices. As increasing carbon prices may exacerbate this phenomenon, inducing a switch to more water intensive technologies, policy instruments for supporting industrial energy efficiency or carbon emission reduction should be carefully designed.

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“…153 At the same, a recent review estimates the global waste heat at "low"-temperature levels below 100 °C at 156,000 PJ 154 or roughly 27% of the global energy consumption. For waste heat at low temperatures, carnotization, e.g., the conversion into other energy forms using, for example, a steam turbine, is clearly inefficient and the tremendous pool of unused waste heat is contrasted by the lack of suitable use scenarios.…”

Section: Sorption Coolingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy in buildings—Policy, materials and solutions

Koebel

Wernery

Malfait

2017

MRS Energy & Sustainability

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Buildings account for ∼40% of global energy demands, and the increased adoption of innovative solutions for buildings represents an enormous potential to reduce energy demands and greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we critically review the current and future materials and solutions for the construction sector. We describe how policy affects innovative businesses and the adoption of new products and solutions. We investigate how the building envelope and user behavior determine building energy demands. Compared to conventional solutions, superinsulation materials (vacuum insulation panels, silica aerogel) can achieve the same thermal performance with drastically thinner insulation. With low-emissivity coatings and appropriate filler gasses, double and triple glazing reduces thermal losses by an order of magnitude. Vacuum and aerogel glazing reduce these even further. Switchable glazing solutions maximize solar gains during wintertime and minimize illumination demands whilst avoiding overheating in summer. Upon integration of renewable energy systems, buildings become both producers and consumers of energy. Combined with the dynamic user behavior, temporal variations in energy production require thermal and electrical storage and the integration of buildings into smart grids and energy district networks. The combination of these measures can reduce the energy consumption of the building's stock by a factor of three.

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Estimating the global waste heat potential

Cited by 799 publications

References 20 publications

Powering the Hydrogen Economy from Waste Heat: A Review of Heat‐to‐Hydrogen Concepts

Powering the Hydrogen Economy from Waste Heat: A Review of Heat‐to‐Hydrogen Concepts

Water-energy and GHG nexus assessment of alternative heat recovery options in industry: A case study on electric steelmaking in Europe

Energy in buildings—Policy, materials and solutions

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