Estimating the economic burden of typhoid in children and adults in Blantyre, Malawi: A costing cohort study

Abstract

Background Typhoid causes preventable death and disease. The World Health Organization recommends Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine for endemic countries, but introduction decisions depend on cost-effectiveness. We estimated household and healthcare economic burdens of typhoid in Blantyre, Malawi. Methods In a prospective cohort of culture-confirmed typhoid cases at two primary- and a referral-level health facility, we collected direct medical, non-medical costs (2020 U.S. dollars) to healthcare provider, plus indirect costs to households. Results From July 2019-March 2020, of 109 cases, 63 (58%) were <15 years old, 44 (40%) were inpatients. Mean hospitalization length was 7.7 days (SD 4.1). For inpatients, mean total household and provider costs were $93.85 (95%CI: 68.87–118.84) and $296.52 (95%CI: 225.79–367.25), respectively. For outpatients, these costs were $19.05 (95%CI: 4.38–33.71) and $39.65 (95%CI: 33.93–45.39), respectively. Household costs were due mainly to direct non-medical and indirect costs, medical care was free. Catastrophic illness cost, defined as cost >40% of non-food monthly household expenditure, occurred in 48 (44%) households. Conclusions Typhoid can be economically catastrophic for families, despite accessible free medical care. Typhoid is costly for government healthcare provision. These data make an economic case for TCV introduction in Malawi and the region and will be used to derive vaccine cost-effectiveness.

Typhoid intestinal perforation in Francophone Africa, a scoping review

“…As a result, patients present with severe disease, which is associated with an increased number of post-operative complications. The most common complications reported in prior studies include surgical site infection, wound dehiscence, and enterocutaneous fistula, all of which increase length of hospital stay and place a significant burden on families [7,52]. Furthermore, increased disease severity is associated with higher degrees of peritoneal contamination.…”

“…Typhoid fever has significant health implications and a high economic burden on patients and their families. In Malawi, the mean cost of inpatient healthcare for typhoid fever was approximately $296 USD where the mean monthly household income is $23.71 USD per person [52]. Costs for TIP patients are much higher and vary widely depending on surgical needs.…”