Estimating the cost of COVID-19 vaccine deployment and introduction in Ghana using the CVIC tool

Nonvignon, Justice; Owusu, Richmond; Asare, Brian; Adjagba, Alex; Aund, Wei; Ting, Yeung Karene Hoi; Azeez, Joycelyn Naa Korkoi; Gyansa-Lutterodt, Martha; Gulbi, Godwin; Amponsa-Achiano, Kwame; Dadzie, Frederick; Armah, George; Brenzel, Logan; Hutubessy, Raymond; Resch, Stephen

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.036

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…We found that the unit cost of delivering mRNA vaccines to be substantially higher than that of viral vector vaccines (Table 2). These differences are driven by vaccine purchasing costs (see itemised costs by country, activity, and component in Additional File 1: Methods S7, Additional File 1: Tables S7-8)-for which we used the lowest purchasing price reported in the public domain for each vaccine [55,56]. We extrapolated these vaccine unit costs for other countries (see Additional File 1: Methods S8 [57][58][59][60] for extrapolation methods; this process did not differentiate by country-specific purchasing agreements) and other vaccination programme setups (i.e.…”

Section: Estimating the Vaccine Delivery And Health Service Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 vaccination programme’s timing and speed on health benefits, cost-effectiveness, and relative affordability in 27 African countries

Liu

Procter

Pearson

et al. 2023

BMC Med

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Background The COVID-19 vaccine supply shortage in 2021 constrained roll-out efforts in Africa while populations experienced waves of epidemics. As supply improves, a key question is whether vaccination remains an impactful and cost-effective strategy given changes in the timing of implementation. Methods We assessed the impact of vaccination programme timing using an epidemiological and economic model. We fitted an age-specific dynamic transmission model to reported COVID-19 deaths in 27 African countries to approximate existing immunity resulting from infection before substantial vaccine roll-out. We then projected health outcomes (from symptomatic cases to overall disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted) for different programme start dates (01 January to 01 December 2021, n = 12) and roll-out rates (slow, medium, fast; 275, 826, and 2066 doses/million population-day, respectively) for viral vector and mRNA vaccines by the end of 2022. Roll-out rates used were derived from observed uptake trajectories in this region. Vaccination programmes were assumed to prioritise those above 60 years before other adults. We collected data on vaccine delivery costs, calculated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) compared to no vaccine use, and compared these ICERs to GDP per capita. We additionally calculated a relative affordability measure of vaccination programmes to assess potential nonmarginal budget impacts. Results Vaccination programmes with early start dates yielded the most health benefits and lowest ICERs compared to those with late starts. While producing the most health benefits, fast vaccine roll-out did not always result in the lowest ICERs. The highest marginal effectiveness within vaccination programmes was found among older adults. High country income groups, high proportions of populations over 60 years or non-susceptible at the start of vaccination programmes are associated with low ICERs relative to GDP per capita. Most vaccination programmes with small ICERs relative to GDP per capita were also relatively affordable. Conclusion Although ICERs increased significantly as vaccination programmes were delayed, programmes starting late in 2021 may still generate low ICERs and manageable affordability measures. Looking forward, lower vaccine purchasing costs and vaccines with improved efficacies can help increase the economic value of COVID-19 vaccination programmes.

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Section: Estimating the Vaccine Delivery And Health Service Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 vaccination programme’s timing and speed on health benefits, cost-effectiveness, and relative affordability in 27 African countries

Liu

Procter

Pearson

et al. 2023

BMC Med

Self Cite

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“…Even though COVID-19 vaccination is currently free with all related cost fully absorbed by states, or through donations, the sustainability of this financing approach is being questioned against the backdrop that the pandemic may linger for a while [ 20 – 22 ]. Many countries in Africa continue to seek donor support from the global north to acquire vaccines for their citizens [ 23 – 25 ]. Coupled with the limited capacity of LMICs to locally produce COVID-19 vaccines, the costs associated with the purchase, transport and last mile distribution of COVID-19 vaccines further compound predicaments of already fragile health systems [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many countries in Africa continue to seek donor support from the global north to acquire vaccines for their citizens [ 23 – 25 ]. Coupled with the limited capacity of LMICs to locally produce COVID-19 vaccines, the costs associated with the purchase, transport and last mile distribution of COVID-19 vaccines further compound predicaments of already fragile health systems [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Financing COVID-19 vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from a nation-wide willingness to pay (WTP) survey in Ghana

et al. 2022

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Background Over 13 million doses of the corona virus disease, 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have been administered in Ghana as at March, 2022; 28.5% of the population have received one dose while 16.3% have been fully vaccinated. Cost associated with COVID-19 vaccinations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) requires rethinking on sustainable funding arrangements to consolidate gains made towards containing the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective Ascertain the determinants of willingness to pay (WTP) for COVID-19 vaccination among adult eligible population in Ghana, and prefer evidence-based policy recommendations on sustainable financing regime for COVID-19 vaccination in the global south. Methods Setting/design: A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among adult population aged 18 years and above across the sixteen (16) administrative regions of Ghana. Participants: A sub-sample of 697 participants willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine was used as the unit of analysis. Outcome measures: main outcome measures of interests were willingness to pay for COVID-19 vaccination and the specific amount respondents were willing to pay. The odds of WTP and specific amount were predicted using the step-wise backward logistic regression and backward step-wise OLS, respectively. Results A total of 2,107 adult respondents aged 18 years and above were reached out to answer the questionnaire; 1,556 successfully completed the questionnaire, representing 74% response rate. Out of the 1,556 valid responses, 697 said they will receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Out of the 697 sub-sample willing to accept the vaccine, 386 (55%) were willing to pay an average of US$6.00 for the vaccine. Positive predictors of WTP were: being an educated male (OR = 0.55, 95% [CI = 0.366, 0.826], p = 0.004), married and educated (OR = 2.19, 95% [CI = 1.077, 4.445], p = 0.030), being a married health worker (OR = 0.43, 95% [CI = 0.217, 0.845], p = 0.015), and having positive perception of the vaccine (OR = 2.40, 95% [CI = 1.144, 5.054], p = 0.021). High WTP amounts correlated positively with adherence to COVID-19 prevention protocols (Coef. = 10.30, 95% [CI = 0.463, 20.137], p = 0.040) and being a health worker with tertiary education (Coef. = 56.339, 95% [CI = 8.524, 104.154], p = 0.021). Christians who are also health workers by occupation were less likely to pay higher amounts for the vaccine (Coef. = -71.431, 95% [CI = 118.821, -24.040], p = 0.003). Conclusions WTP for COVID-19 vaccination in Ghana is low relative to comparative studies in the sub-region. There is the need for accelerated, advocacy and public education on the benefits of vaccination. Likewise, there should be broader stakeholder engagement and national dialogue on sustainable financing options for COVID-19 vaccination as donor support continues to dwindle for LIMCs like Ghana.

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“…In Ghana, the government committed to acquiring COVID-19 vaccines on December 20, 2020 [25]. Ghana was the first country to receive COVID-19 vaccines from the COVAX initiative and began its first vaccine roll out on March 1, 2021 [26,27,28] with the AstraZeneca vaccine. Johnson & Johnson (J&J), Moderna, Pfizer, and Sputnik V were the COVID-19 vaccines also approved and administered in Ghana.…”

Section: Covid-19 Vaccination Analysis For Ghanamentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the impact of vaccination on the COVID-19 pandemic in African countries

Mathebula¹,

Amankwah²,

Amouzouvi³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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The rapid development of vaccines to combat COVID-19 is a great scientific achievement. In addition to non-pharmaceutical measures put in place to contain of the pandemic, pharmacological measures have been incorporated in the battle against the SARS-CoV-2, especially with the commencement of vaccination in early December 2020. This study used the SIDARTHE-V model, i.e.an extension of the SIDARTHE model with the impact of vaccination roll outs.We assessed the potential impact of vaccination in reducing the severity (deadly nature) of the virus in African countries. Model parameters were extracted by fitting simultaneously the COVID-19 cumulative data of active cases, recoveries, deaths and full vaccinations reported by the governments of Ghana, Kenya,

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Estimating the cost of COVID-19 vaccine deployment and introduction in Ghana using the CVIC tool

Cited by 10 publications

References 39 publications

Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 vaccination programme’s timing and speed on health benefits, cost-effectiveness, and relative affordability in 27 African countries

Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 vaccination programme’s timing and speed on health benefits, cost-effectiveness, and relative affordability in 27 African countries

Financing COVID-19 vaccination in sub-Saharan Africa: lessons from a nation-wide willingness to pay (WTP) survey in Ghana

Modelling the impact of vaccination on the COVID-19 pandemic in African countries

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