Estimating propulsive forces—sink or swim?

Lauder, Mike A.; Dabnichki, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.05.026

Cited by 33 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The average swimming speed was 0.11 m/s in this case. This value was only slightly lower than 0.12 m/s in the case of 2.3 s. Conversely, 0.12 m/s of 2.3 s was only slightly higher than 0.11 m/s of 3.27 s although the stroke 6 Experimental setup. Two measuring tapes were placed on the poolside and on the water surface in the pool along with the swimming direction of the robot.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…For this reason, some researchers have conducted experiments using physical models such as robots instead of human subjects. A lot of measuring experiments using physical models have been conducted to date [6][7][8][9], but there was no full-body experimental platform which could consider interactions between the many segments involved in normal swimming motions. Therefore, an analysis using physical models had been performed on an isolated segment and misleading conclusions could have been developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Realization and swimming performance of the breaststroke by a swimming humanoid robot

Nakashima

Kuwahara

2016

Robomech J

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In order to clarify the mechanics of human swimming, a full-body swimming humanoid robot called "SWUMANOID" was developed as an experimental platform for research about human swimming. SWUMANOID had a detailed human body shape, created using three-dimensional scanning and printing equipment, and was developed as an experimental model substituting for human subjects. Not only the appearance but also the methodology to realize various swimming strokes was considered. In order to reproduce complicated swimming motions with high fidelity, 20 waterproof actuators were installed. The free swimming of the crawl stroke at a velocity of 0.24 m/s was realized in the previous study. However, it could not perform the breaststroke due to mechanical limitations. The objectives of this study were to realize the breaststroke for SWUMANOID by improving its lower limbs, and to investigate the swimming performance of the breaststroke experimentally. The lower body of SWUMANOID was fully redesigned, built, and connected to the upper body. The swimming motion of the breaststroke was created based on that of an actual swimmer. A free swimming experiment was conducted in a 25 m outdoor swimming pool. In addition, in order to discuss the experimental results in detail, the experiment was reproduced by the simulation. From the experiment, it was found that SWUMANOID could perform the breaststroke successfully. The swimming speed for the stroke cycle of 2.3 s was found to be 0.12 m/s. Since this swimming speed was considered low compared to that of the actual swimmer, the reason for the discrepancy was examined by simulation. From the simulation, it was found that one main reason for the low swimming speed was insufficient output power of the motors, especially for the knee and shoulder joints.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realization and swimming performance of the breaststroke by a swimming humanoid robot

Nakashima

Kuwahara

2016

Robomech J

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“…However, simulation always needs validation and improvement by comparing with experimental results, since it is not an actual phenomenon after all. The third approach is to measure the fluid forces on a physical model [13] [14][15] [16][17] [18]. In this case, it is important whether the physical model reproduces an actual swimmer with high fidelity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realization and Swimming Performance of the Butterfly Stroke by a Swimming Humanoid Robot

Nakashima¹,

Tsai

2017

J. Abmech

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Abstract-The objective of this study was to realize the butterfly stroke by the swimming humanoid robot "SWUMANOID", and to investigate the swimming performance of the robot. The robot was modified from its original condition in order to reduce the weight of the lower body. The swimming motion of the robot was generated based on that of an actual swimmer. By preliminary simulations, it was found that the swimming speed became significantly low when the stroke cycle was 2.0 s. In the experiment, successful propulsion was confirmed for the stroke cycles of 3.45 s. The swimming speed was 0.181 m/s.

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“…This action may provide propulsive force in order to lift the body and/or propel the body on the water. This propulsive force depends on some factors as angular positions of the limbs that perform the movement (Gardano & Dabnichki, 2006;Lauder & Dabnichki, 2005). Based on this idea, manuals and books for teacher and coaches contain some technical recommendations about angular positions of the limbs with regard to sculling motion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Position of arm and forearm, and elbow flexion during performance of the sculling technique: Technical recommendation versus actual performance

Gomes

Melo

Tremea

et al. 2014

Motriz: rev. educ. fis.

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Abstract-Sculling motion is a swimming technique executed in a vertical position with the head above the water's surface and, based on the technical recommendation, should be performed maintaining an elbow flexion angle of 90°, arms kept stationary while the forearms move. In order to verify if this recommendation is indeed realistic, the aim of this study was to describe the elbow flexion angle ant its angular velocity, linear speed and range of motion of the shoulder, elbow and wrist during the sculling motion. Data were calculated using three-dimensional kinematic process from underwater video images of ten athletes of synchronized swimming. The results indicate that the arm is relatively stationary and the forearm moves, which agrees with the technical recommendation. However, the elbow flexes and extends, which contradicts the technical recommendation. These findings should be considered when this action is practiced, especially in synchronized swimming, in which sculling motion is a fundamental technique.Keywords: synchronized swimming, kinematic, performanceResumo-"Posição do braço e antebraço e flexão do cotovelo durante a execução da técnica do palmateio: Recomendação técnica versus o que é realizado na prática." Palmateio realizado na posição vertical, com a cabeça acima da superfície d'água, deve ser realizado mantendo um ângulo de flexão de cotovelo de 90° e mantendo os braços estacionários enquanto os antebraços movem baseado na recomendação técnica. Com o intuito de verificar se essa recomendação técnica é realmente realizada, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o ângulo de flexão do cotovelo, a velocidade angular do cotovelo, a velocidade linear e a amplitude linear de movimento do ombro, do cotovelo e do punho durante o palmateio realizado na posição vertical. Essas variáveis foram calculadas a partir de dados cinemáticos tridimensionais de dez praticantes de nado sincronizado. Os resultados indicam que o braço é relativamente estacionário e o antebraço move-se, concordando com a recomendação técnica, enquanto o cotovelo flexiona e estende, contrariando a recomendação técnica. Esses achados devem ser considerados quando essa ação é trabalhada, especialmente no nado sincronizado, no qual o palmateio é uma técnica fundamental. Palavras-chave: nado sincronizado, cinemática, desempenhoResumen-"Posición del brazo y el antebrazo y la flexión del codo durante la ejecución de técnica Sculling: Recomendación técnica frente al que es hecho en la práctica." Sculling realizado en la posición vertical, con la cabeza arriba de la superficie L.E. Gomes, M.O. Melo, V.W. Tremea, M.L. Torre, Y.O. Silva, F.S.Castro & J.F. Loss Motriz, Rio Claro, v.20 n.1, p.33-41, Jan./Mar. 2014 34 del agua, debe ser realizado manteniendo un ángulo de flexión del codo de 90° y manteniendo los brazos parados mientras los antebrazos mueven de acuerdo con la recomendación técnica. Para verificar si la recomendación técnica es realmente realizada, el objetivo fue describir el ángulo de flexión del codo, la velocidad angular del ...

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Estimating propulsive forces—sink or swim?

Cited by 33 publications

References 11 publications

Realization and swimming performance of the breaststroke by a swimming humanoid robot

Realization and swimming performance of the breaststroke by a swimming humanoid robot

Realization and Swimming Performance of the Butterfly Stroke by a Swimming Humanoid Robot

Position of arm and forearm, and elbow flexion during performance of the sculling technique: Technical recommendation versus actual performance

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