Estimating Passenger Demand Using Machine Learning Models: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This article investigated machine learning models used to estimate passenger demand. These models have the potential to provide valuable insights into passenger trip behaviour and other inferences. The estimate of passenger demand using machine learning model research and the methodologies used are fragmented. To synchronise these studies, this paper conducts a systematic review of machine learning models to estimate passenger demand. The review investigates how passenger demand is estimated using machine learning models. A comprehensive search strategy is conducted across the three main online publishing databases to locate 911 unique records. Relevant record titles, abstracts, and publication information are extracted, leaving 102 articles. Furthermore, articles are evaluated according to eligibility requirements. This procedure yields 21 full-text papers for data extraction. 3 research thematic questions covering passenger data collection techniques, passenger demand interventions, and intervention performance are reviewed in detail. The results of this study suggest that mobility records, LSTM-based models, and performance metrics play a critical role in conducting passenger demand prediction studies. The model evaluation was mostly restricted to 3 performance metrics which needs improved metric for evaluation. Furthermore, the review determined an overreliance on the longand short-term memory model to estimate passenger demand. Therefore, minimising the limitation of the LSTM model will generally improve the estimation models. Furthermore, having an acceptable trainset to avoid overfitting is crucial. In addition, it is advisable to consider multiple metrics to have a more comprehensive evaluation.