Estimating nitrogen budgets of Typha angustifolia by considering the regrowth shoot productivity and nitrogen content after harvesting aerial organs in different growing seasons

Abstract

A dynamic model that includes regrowth after harvesting aerial shoots of an emergent macrophyte, Typha angustifolia L., was applied to evaluate the nitrogen (N) budget and the N uptake by the plant from sediment in Shibakawa Pond, Japan. Under natural conditions (control/ uncut stands), the analysis showed that the annual uptake of N from sediment was 26.6 gN/m 2 and harvesting Typha shoots at their growth peak removed 29.0 gN/m 2 from the system (142 days in summer). Harvesting in winter after weathering of leaves removed only 13.9 gN/m 2 . To evaluate the N budget considering regrowth shoot characteristics, three sets of harvesting experiments were done on 16 May, 8 July, and 5 August 2003. Our study revealed that May, July, and August harvesting removed 9.4, 21.9, and 16.3 gN/m 2 , respectively. Further, combining the first harvesting from spring to summer and the second harvesting in autumn (before the start of senescence of regrowth shoots), the annual total N removals in stands cut in May and autumn and July and autumn were 34.7 and 36.0 gN/m 2 , respectively-higher than that in stands cut in August and autumn (22.2 gN/m 2 ) or that in uncut stands (13.9 gN/m 2 ). At the same time, the amounts stored in rhizomes by stands cut in May and autumn, July and autumn, and August and autumn were 9.1, 8.4, and 4.4 gN/m 2 , respectively, lower than that in uncut stands (18.8 gN/m 2 ). Our results suggest that summer harvesting, especially in July to August, improves N removal efficiency and decreases the translocation of N from primary shoots to rhizomes, which is important for the sustainable management of Typha-dominated wetlands. Combined summer and autumn harvests further increase the removal efficiency but drastically reduce the storage of N. This might be useful when we need to control the plants properly.