Ammonia (NH 3) emission has increased significantly in recent decades, mainly due to human activities including agricultural nitrogen (N) fertilizers and livestock production (X. Liu et al., 2013). Atmospheric NH 3 concentration varies greatly in space and time. Its lifetime in the atmosphere is very short and can be effectively removed by wet and dry deposition within a few hours to several days. NH 3 can react with sulfuric acid and nitric acid in the atmosphere, converting NH 3 into ammonium salts (NH 4 +) (Li et al., 2016). NH 3 emission, transport, and chemical transformation have led to high regional reduced N (NH 3 plus NH 4 +) deposition, which can disturb the balance of N cycles in natural systems and resulted in ecological deterioration from regional to global scales (Sutton et al., 2014). Thus, accurate estimation of atmospheric reduced N deposition is the prerequisite and basis for formulating effective N emission control measures. Wet NH 4 + deposition in precipitation is a major component of reduced N deposition (Reay et al., 2008). Past studies have used observational data and/or model simulations to estimate wet NH 4 + deposition (Xu et al., 2015). Many scholars or organizations have established measurement networks at regional or national scales including the National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) in the United States, European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) in Europe, East Asia Deposition Monitoring Network and National N Deposition Measurement Network (NNDMN) in China (L. Liu et al., 2019). These monitoring networks provide an important basis for quantifying wet NH 4 + deposition in different ecosystems. However, it can still be difficult to describe the global spatial patterns of wet NH 4 + deposition due to the limited number of ground sites (Barrie, 1985; L. Liu, Zhang, Xu, Liu, Lu, et al., 2017). Spatially continuous wet NH 4 + deposition can be obtained by using chemical transport models (CTMs), including well-known global models such as GEOS-Chem and MOZART (Emmons et al., 2012; Zhao et al., 2017). The basic theory using CTMs to model wet NH 4 + deposition is based on the estimated NH 3