Estimating effectiveness of state-of-the-art detectors and automatic sprinklers on life safety in residential occupancies

Budnick, Edward K.

doi:10.1007/bf02384161

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Additional approaches to reducing residential fire deaths include those that promote the use of smoke detectors and automatic sprinklers. Households without smoke detectors are 50% more likely to have fire‐related fatalities than households with smoke detectors 16,17 . Although 74% of U.S. households in 1985 had a smoke detector, the homes of older people, the poor, and those who did not finish high school were less likely to have one 16 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deaths from Residential Fires among Older People, United States, 1984

Gulaid¹,

Sacks²,

Sattin³

1989

J American Geriatrics Society

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Deaths from fires are the fifth leading cause of injury death among people aged 65 years or older. To describe the epidemiology of deaths from residential fires among older people, we analyzed mortality data for 1984 collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. Although older people represented only 12% of the U.S. population in 1984, they accounted for 29% (1,278) of that year's 4,466 residential fire deaths. Conflagrations accounted for 78% of older people's deaths from residential fires; clothing ignitions and other fires accounted for 11% each. Residential fire death rates increased with advancing age. Older black people had death rates 4.6 times the death rates of older white people. Older males had higher death rates than older females. Host, environmental, and behavioral risk factors for residential fire deaths among older people and potential strategies for intervention are discussed. Unless intervention strategies are focused on older people, the residential fire death toll in the U.S. may actually grow as the population of older people increases from 12% of the population in 1984 to about 21% of the population in 2030.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deaths from Residential Fires among Older People, United States, 1984

Gulaid¹,

Sacks²,

Sattin³

1989

J American Geriatrics Society

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“…Residential fires in homes without smoke detectors are two to three times more likely to re-Maas Cortes, Hargarten • SMOKE DETECTORS IN HOMES sult in death. [3][4][5] One barrier to reducing deaths is that smoke detectors often fail to operate because of inadequate testing or incorrect installation. 7,8 Typically, the most effective measures to prevent injuries have been termed ''passive interventions,'' which do not rely on the adoption of new behaviors for the intervention to be effective.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A direct strike to the head is usually lethal. 4 The splash (or ''side flash'') type of strike occurs more commonly than direct hit. Splash is exemplified by lightning first hitting a tree and then jumping to someone under it.…”

Section: Diagnosis Cutaneous Manifestation Of Lightning Strike (''Spmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 The presence of smoke detectors in the home received a grade of B in the strength of recommendation category and was classified as II-2 in terms of existing evidence. [1][2][3][4][5] Although the USPSTF did not restrict a recommendation to any specific subgroup of the population, they cited evidence that indicated increased fatalities from house fires occur among children less than 5 years of age and adults more than 65 years of age. 1,3 Death in a residential fire is two to three times more likely in a home without operational smoke detectors than in those with such devices.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,3 Death in a residential fire is two to three times more likely in a home without operational smoke detectors than in those with such devices. [3][4][5] Smoke detectors can fail to operate without batteries and proper installation, thus cor-Maas Cortes, Hargarten • SMOKE DETECTORS IN HOMES rect installation and periodic testing are necessary to ensure effectiveness. [6][7][8] A nonrandomized trial cited by the USPSTF review team reported that parents who received counseling by a physician along with an opportunity to purchase a smoke detector at cost were more likely to have an operational smoke detector four to six weeks later than those who received ''routine counseling.''…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preventive Care in the Emergency Department A Systematic Literature Review on Emergency Department‐based Interventions that Address Smoke Detectors in the Home

Cortés

Hargarten

2001

Academic Emergency Medicine

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Abstract. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of an emergency department (ED)-based strategy to identify and counsel selected patients about the importance of an operational smoke detector in the home and to offer a graded recommendation regarding such a strategy. Methods: A systematic review was facilitated through the use of a structured template, a companion explanatory piece, and a grading and methodological scoring system based on published criteria for critical appraisal. Two Medline combined searches were performed using the following terms: emergency medical services and counseling, protective devices and smoke detectors, accidents, home, burns, fires, and residential fires. A free-text search of indexed and nonindexed citations in Emergency Medical Abstracts from 1977 to 1999 and a search of the Cochrane Library were also performed. In addition, reviewers performed independent Medline searches and suggested four additional studies. Studies selected for inclusion in this systematic review were required to meet the following criteria: 1) report ED-based research and 2) address the topic of fire and burn prevention with some pertinent discussion of ED-based interventions. The initial inclusion criteria had restricted studies to those that reported the results of counseling strategies for smoke detectors. The authors later decided to consider, as indirectly relevant, studies that did not investigate counseling strategies. Data from the selected studies were extracted using the template form, and the validity and applicability of the results to emergency practice were assessed. Recommendations were derived following criteria developed by a systematic review of preventive interventions in the ED. Results: Six articles were closely reviewed. Four of the six studies met the inclusion criteria. One other study that did not meet the inclusion criteria was also considered. No study focused specifically on the counseling of ED patients about smoke detectors. Conclusions: Following the criteria of the graded recommendations used for the parent project, a recommendation cannot be made either for or against an ED-based strategy to counsel patients on the importance of smoke detectors. No studies located in our review directly assessed the effectiveness of such a strategy. Based on the retrospective case series study of the potential opportunity for a home fire safety intervention during an emergency medical services visit and the Safe Block Project study, it may be worthwhile to consider further research on the effectiveness of systems-level/ structural interventions, with a targeted focus on strategies that attempt to overcome barriers associated with active interventions.

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