Estimating distance in real and virtual environments: Does order make a difference?

Ziemer, Christine J.; Plumert, Jodie M.; Cremer, James F.; Kearney, Joseph K.

doi:10.3758/app.71.5.1096

Cited by 69 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(67 reference statements)

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“…Experiment III again studied sighted versus blind timed walking, and compared it to standard blind walking, in the outdoor environment only; this experiment found close agreement between timed walking and blind walking, and no effect of sighted versus blind timed walking. Ziemer et al [20] report two follow-on studies using the same setup. Experiment IV again examined order effects, and replicated the presentation order effect of Experiment I.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, environment succeeding and preceding order 1 is counterbalanced modulo 18 participants, and protocol succeeding and preceding order is counterbalanced modulo 36 participants. These properties counterbalance presentation order effects (to some degree of power), such as the real versus virtual world effects found by Plumert et al [14] and Ziemer et al [20].…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All of these protocols can indicate larger depth judgments than the available physical space -verbal estimation and timed walking require no observer movement -and so all of them can potentially be used with large-screen immersive displays. Although timed walking has been previously studied with large-screen displays, we are only aware of the two published articles from the University of Iowa (Plumert et al [14], Ziemer et al [20]). Finally, to the best of our knowledge, triangulated walking has not yet been studied with large-screen displays.…”

Section: Measurement Protocols In Virtual Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include both augmented reality (e.g., [5,8,16]) and large-screen immersive displays [14,20]. It may be that depth perception operates differently when the virtual world exists as an extension of the real world, and this motivates experiments that examine these situations.…”

Section: Distance Perception and Ve Display Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another shortcoming of blind walking, which relates to the experiment reported here, is that it cannot be used to indicate a depth judgment in a large-screen immersive display, because there is not enough room to blindly walk to a target that is located beyond the display's screen. Plumert et al [14] and Ziemer et al [20] used timed walking to measure distance judg- ments in a CAVE. Perceptual matching has also been used in virtual environments (e.g., [5,16,18,19]); Bodenheimer et al [2] used perceptual bisection to measure distance judgments in virtual and real-world environments.…”

Section: Measurement Protocols In Virtual Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement Protocols for Medium-Field Distance Perception in Large-Screen Immersive Displays

Klein

Swan

Schmidt

et al. 2009

2009 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference

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How do users of virtual environments perceive virtual space? Many experiments have explored this question, but most of these have used head-mounted immersive displays. This paper reports an experiment that studied large-screen immersive displays at mediumfield distances of 2 to 15 meters. The experiment measured egocentric depth judgments in a CAVE, a tiled display wall, and a realworld outdoor field as a control condition. We carefully modeled the outdoor field to make the three environments as similar as possible. Measuring egocentric depth judgments in large-screen immersive displays requires adapting new measurement protocols; the experiment used timed imagined walking, verbal estimation, and triangulated blind walking.We found that depth judgments from timed imagined walking and verbal estimation were very similar in all three environments. However, triangulated blind walking was accurate only in the outdoor field; in the large-screen immersive displays it showed underestimation effects that were likely caused by insufficient physical space to perform the technique. These results suggest using timed imagined walking as a primary protocol for assessing depth perception in large-screen immersive displays. We also found that depth judgments in the CAVE were more accurate than in the tiled display wall, which suggests that the peripheral scenery offered by the CAVE is helpful when perceiving virtual space.

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Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurement Protocols In Virtual Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Distance Perception and Ve Display Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurement Protocols In Virtual Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Measurement Protocols for Medium-Field Distance Perception in Large-Screen Immersive Displays

Klein

Swan

Schmidt

et al. 2009

2009 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference

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The effects of depth perception viewing on hand–eye coordination in virtual reality environments

Cheng

Lin

2021

J Soc Info Display

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Virtual reality (VR) has been applied to many fields such as visualization, architecture, education, medical science, and sports simulation. Recent VR advancements allow direct manipulation of three-dimensional (3D) objects in interactive displays, but problems of inefficiency in movement due to inaccuracy in depth perception have been reported. As human interaction in virtual environments (VE) is being realized, factors that may affect depth perception and movement need to be addressed. This study investigated the effects of viewing angle, stereo viewing technology, and visual cues on hand movement performance in a 3D movement task. Ten right-handed participants performed continuous Fitts' pointing tasks using a computer mouse. Participants were asked to move a cursor to a target ball as quickly as possible. Fitts' law was employed to test effects to capture differences while the hand was moving in the 3D space under three factors, angle of declination, visual depth, and space cue and with varied index of difficulty (ID). Movement time (MT), error rate, and throughput (TP) were recorded as dependent variables. This study found significant effects of angle of declination, visual depth, space cue, and ID. This study investigated the effectiveness of hand movements in 3D environments for a further immersive VE using a two-dimensional (2D) mouse. Potential applications of this research include the design of interactive 3D display interfaces in which fast and accurate selection is required and the manipulation of 3D objects in 3D environments may be expected.

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Distance estimation of near‐field visual objects in stereoscopic displays

2014

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Stereoscopic displays have a promising future because of recent advancements and popularity of handheld devices and maturing head mounted displays. Gesture interaction such as pointing, selection, pinching, and manipulation are now possible in the current virtual environments, where accurate distance judgment is required. In this paper, we address the perception of exocentric distance in stereoscopic displays under two target orientations: horizontal and vertical. Three parallax conditions (on screen, 5 cm from screen, and 10 cm from screen) were considered, where the screen was fixed at a distance of 100 cm from the observer. Four levels of center‐to‐center distance between 10 and 50 cm were employed. The perceptual matching task revealed underestimation in all conditions. The overall judgment of exocentric distance was only about 80% of the actual. We also found a main effect of distance and interaction between layout and distance to be significant. The two important findings of this study are that underestimation of exocentric distance increases as the separation between virtual targets increases and that in vertical orientation, accuracy increases with closer targets. However, the main effects of layout and parallax on accuracy of judgment were not significant. Engineering implications of the results are also discussed in this paper.

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Estimating distance in real and virtual environments: Does order make a difference?

Cited by 69 publications

References 32 publications

Measurement Protocols for Medium-Field Distance Perception in Large-Screen Immersive Displays

Measurement Protocols for Medium-Field Distance Perception in Large-Screen Immersive Displays

The effects of depth perception viewing on hand–eye coordination in virtual reality environments

Distance estimation of near‐field visual objects in stereoscopic displays

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