Estimating and Mapping the Population at Risk of Sleeping Sickness

Simarro, Pere P.; Cecchi, Giuliano; Franco, José R.; Paone, Massimo; Diarra, Abdoulaye; Postigo, Jorge; Fèvre, Eric M.; Mattioli, Raffaele C.; Jannin, J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001859

Cited by 306 publications

(327 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(49 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

314

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…A study estimated and mapped human population at risk of sleeping sickness based on reported cases originated from twenty African countries using a Geographic Information System (GIS) [37]. The areas at risk of T. b. rhodesiense infection in Tanzania cover approximately 65,700 km 2 and include livestock/wildlife interface areas [37].…”

Section: Ethical Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

Nhamitambo¹

2017

J Infect Dis Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Trypanosomosis is a major neglected disease of animals and man that causes great negative socio-economic impact in many African countries. It is caused by protozoan parasites of the blood from the genus Trypanosoma. Previous studies have investigated the prevalence and risk factors of trypanosomosis in Tanzania, but none has been done in the human/ livestock/wildlife interface areas of Mikumi National Park. The present study determined prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle blood sampled in five villages of the Mikumi interface areas. Trypanosome species were identified using the nested ITS-PCR and SRA-LAMP. Acquired biodata and spatial information were used for the analysis of risk factors based on the proximity from the park. Data analysis for categorical variables was performed using Chi-square, Fishers exact test, Odds and Risk ratios. Maps were created using the ArcMap ™ version 10.1 GIS software (ESRI 2012). Overall prevalence was 51.47%. Infection significantly varied among the 5 villages (p = 0.0022). The study identified 7 different species of trypanosomes. Trypanosoma simiae had the highest rate of infection 48.15%, followed by T. theileri 26.67%, T. vivax 16.30%, T. brucei brucei 4.44%, T. congolense forest 2.22%, T. simiae tsavo 1.48% and T. congolense kilifi 0.74%. No zoonotic species were identified. High density vegetation (p = 0.0001) and human activity (livestock market and cattle movement) (p = 0.0001) were identified as strong risk factors for infection. Areas with charco dams (p = 0.0001) and those close to tsetse screens and traps (p = 0.0006) had significantly lower infection prevalence. Identifying risk factors, quantifying the risk and doing spatial analysis is essential to determine the control measures to be used in the affected rural communities.

show abstract

Section: Ethical Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The areas at risk of T. b. rhodesiense infection in Tanzania cover approximately 65,700 km 2 and include livestock/wildlife interface areas [37].…”

Section: Ethical Statementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

Nhamitambo¹

2017

J Infect Dis Epidemiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other demands face neglected diseases. In the case of HAT, the incidence of the disease has declined substantially over the past decade, with fewer than 7000 new cases reported in 2011 (Simarro et al 2012). This has led many funding agencies to question whether there is a need to continue investing in new tools when existing tools, such as the nifurtimox-eflornithine combination (NECT), can be demonstrably effective when used correctly, despite the facts that these existing tools are generally highly unsatisfactory as drugs.…”

Section: P O T E N T I a L R I S K S T O A D E C A D E O F P R O G R mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging paradigms in anti-infective drug design

Barrett

Croft

2014

Parasitology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The need for new drugs to treat microbial infections is pressing. The great progress made in the middle part of the twentieth Century was followed by a period of relative inactivity as the medical needs relating to infectious disease in the wealthier nations receded. Growing realisation that anti-infectives are needed in many parts of the world, to treat neglected diseases as well as to combat the burgeoning risk of resistance to existing drugs, has galvanised a new wave of research into anti-microbial drugs. The transfer of knowledge from the Pharmaceutical industry relating to the importance of understanding how to target drugs successfully within the body, and improved understanding of how pathogens interact with their hosts, is driving a series of new paradigms in anti-infective drug design. Here we provide an overview of those processes as an introduction to a series of articles from experts in this area that emerged from a meeting entitled “Emerging Paradigms in Anti-Infective Drug Design” held in London on the 17th and 18th September 2012. The symposium was organised jointly by British Society for Parasitology (BSP) and the Biological & Medicinal Chemistry sector of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) and held at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. The symposium set out to cover all aspects of the identification of new therapeutic modalities for the treatment of neglected and tropical diseases. We aimed to bring together leading scientists from all the disciplines working in this field and cover the pharmacology, medicinal chemistry and drug delivery of potential new medicines. Sessions were held on: “Target diseases and targets for drugs”, “Target based medicinal chemistry”, “Bioavailability and chemistry”, “Targeting intracellular microbes”, “Alternative approaches and models”, and “New anti-infectives – how do we get there?”This symposium was organised by Simon Croft (LSHTM) and Mike Barrett (University of Glasgow) for the BSP, and David Alker (David Alker Associates) and Andrew Stachulski (University of Liverpool) for the Biological & Medicinal Chemistry sector of the RSC.

show abstract

“…Fèvre et al, 2001). Recently, systematic data collation and mapping have made it possible to represent the current distribution of human African trypanosomosis with high accuracy (Cecchi et al, 2009;Simarro et al, 2010) and to assess the population at risk (Simarro et al, 2012). In domestic animals, although the prevalence of the disease varies between populations and localities, trypanosomosis generally presents as an endemic disease, with a widespread presence in livestock populations across the tsetse-infested area of sub-Saharan Africa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Shaw

Wint

Cecchi³

et al. 2015

Preventive Veterinary Medicine

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study builds upon earlier work mapping the potential benefits from bovine trypanosomosis control and analysing the costs of different approaches. Updated costs were derived for five intervention techniques: trypanocides, targets, insecticide-treated cattle, aerial spraying and the release of sterile males. Two strategies were considered: continuous control and elimination. For mapping the costs, cattle densities, environmental constraints, and the presence of savannah or riverine tsetse species were taken into account. These were combined with maps of potential benefits to produce maps of benefit-cost ratios. The results illustrate a diverse picture, and they clearly indicate that no single technique or strategy is universally profitable. For control using trypanocide prophylaxis, returns are modest, even without accounting for the risk of drug resistance but, in areas of low cattle densities, this is the only approach that yields a positive return. Where cattle densities are sufficient to support it, the use of insecticidetreated cattle stands out as the most consistently profitable technique, widely achieving benefit-cost ratios above 5. In parts of the high-potential areas such as the mixed farming, high-oxen-use zones of western Ethiopia, the fertile crescent north of Lake Victoria and the dairy production areas in western and central Kenya, all tsetse control strategies achieve benefit-cost ratios from 2 to over 15, and for elimination strategies, ratios from 5 to over 20. By contrast, in some areas, notably where cattle densities are below 20 per km 2 , the costs of interventions against tsetse match or even outweigh the benefits, especially for control scenarios using aerial spraying or the deployment of targets where both savannah and riverine flies are present. If the burden of human African trypanosomosis were factored in, the benefit-cost ratios of some of the low-return areas would be considerably increased. Comparatively, elimination strategies give rise to higher benefit-cost ratios than do those for continuous control. However, the costs calculated for elimination assume problem-free, large scale operations, and they rest on the outputs of entomological models that are difficult to validate in the field. Experience indicates that the conditions underlying successful and sustained elimination campaigns are seldom met. By choosing the most appropriate thresholds for benefit-cost ratios, decision-makers and planners can use the maps to define strategies, assist in prioritising areas for intervention, and help choose among intervention techniques and approaches. The methodology would have wider applicability in analysing other disease constraints with a strong spatial component.

show abstract

Estimating and Mapping the Population at Risk of Sleeping Sickness

Cited by 306 publications

References 33 publications

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

Molecular Identification of Trypanosome Species in Cattle of the Mikumi Human/Livestock/Wildlife Interface Areas, Tanzania

Emerging paradigms in anti-infective drug design

Mapping the benefit-cost ratios of interventions against bovine trypanosomosis in Eastern Africa

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About