Estimates of the Extent and Character of the Oxygen-Starved Interior in Large Pool Fires

Gritzo, Louis A.; Gill, Walter; Nicolette, V.F.

doi:10.1520/stp12187s

Cited by 9 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In many calm wind fires, an oxygen starved region exists near the fuel surface in the interior of the fire [4]. This is observed in the contour plot of Test 1 where the winds were relatively calm and the plume was near vertical during most of the test.…”

Section: Fuel Pool and Surrounding Terrain Heat Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…The continued development of the technology to provide validated fire physics models will eventually lead to an ability to predict the threat posed by fires, the response of objects in fires, and confidence in those predictions. The focus of the Well-Characterized Open Pool fire series described in this paper and other previous SNL fire experiments [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] is to provide archival experimental data of sufficient quality for CFD fire code development and validation purposes. Four fire experiments were conducted with two different wind conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large-Scale Open Pool Experimental Data and Analysis for Fire Model Validation and Development

Blanchat¹,

Figueroa²

2008

Fire Saf. Sci.

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Four large-scale open pool fire experiments were performed with well-characterized boundary and initial conditions. Results presented include a general description of test observations, wind measurements, fire plume topology, fuel recession and heat release rates, incident heat flux to the pool, surrounding terrain, and calorimeters. All initial and boundary condition data required as necessary inputs to computation models are also presented. The large physical scale, the experimental design, the use of independent measurement techniques, and the attention to data quality provide a unique dataset to support numerical fire model validation.

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Section: Fuel Pool and Surrounding Terrain Heat Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Scale Open Pool Experimental Data and Analysis for Fire Model Validation and Development

Blanchat¹,

Figueroa²

2008

Fire Saf. Sci.

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“…Simplified models with the appropriate input parameters can be used with reasonable confidence for calculating the heat flux to objects at a long distance (more than the LNG pool diameter) from a fire that is not heavily influenced by nearby structures [Gritzo and Nicolette, 1997]. Under such conditions, the main uncertainties in the simplified models are due to 1) the inability of these models to represent fires at very large (50 m or more in diameter) scales, and 2) uncertainty in the input parameters required by these models.…”

Section: Guidance: Using Models For Spill and Hazard Evaluationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ensure that the equations are being solved 72 correctly) and validated (i.e. ensure that the right equations are being solved for the application of interest) through analysis efforts and comparisons with high quality data.Validation of detailed models for LNG applications is beyond the scope of this study; but such models have been applied in numerous other cases to evaluate large fire hazards from liquid hydrocarbons such as jet fuel [Gritzo and Nicolette 1997] Our evaluation suggests that modern, validated CFD models should be further refined and used as appropriate to improve site-specific thermal hazard and consequence analyses where interaction with terrain, buildings, or other structures might occur. Table 23 presents various, CFD models that could be used for the listed applications.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidance on risk analysis and safety implications of a large liquefied natural gas (LNG) spill over water.

Report¹,

Hightower²,

Gritzo³

et al. 2004

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While recognized standards exist for the systematic safety analysis of potential spills or releases from LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) storage terminals and facilities on land, no equivalent set of standards or guidance exists for the evaluation of the safety or consequences from LNG spills over water. Heightened security awareness and energy surety issues have increased industry's and the public's attention to these activities. The report reviews several existing studies of LNG spills with respect to their assumptions, inputs, models, and experimental data. Based on this review and further analysis, the report provides guidance on the appropriateness of models, assumptions, and risk management to address public safety and property relative to a potential LNG spill over water. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors received technical, programmatic, and editorial support on this project from a number of individuals and organizations both inside and outside Sandia National Laboratories. We would particularly like to express our thanks for their support and guidance in the technical evaluations and development of this report.The U.S. Department of Energy was instrumental in providing coordination, management, and technical direction. Special thanks go to DOE personnel in the Office of Oil and Natural Gas, DOE Office of Fossil Energy, for their help in supporting the modeling, analysis, technical evaluations, and risk guidance efforts.To support the technical analysis required for this project, the authors worked with many organizations, including maritime agencies, LNG industry and ship management agencies, LNG shipping consultants, and government intelligence agencies to collect the background information on ship and LNG cargo tank designs, accident and threat scenarios, and LNG ship safety and risk management operations needed to assess LNG spill safety and risk implications.The following individuals were especially helpful in supporting our efforts, providing information, coordinating contacts, and reviewing technical evaluations. Capt. Dave Scott -U.S. Coast Guard Dr. Robin Pitblado -Det Norske Veritas Eric Linsner -PRONAV Ship Management Mike Edens -Office of Naval Intelligence Richard Hoffmann -Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Chris Zerby -Federal Energy Regulatory CommissionTo help in technically reviewing this report, the DOE commissioned an External Peer Review Panel to evaluate the analyses, conclusions, and recommendations presented. The Peer Review Panel consisted of experts in LNG spill testing and modeling, fire modeling, fire protection, and fire safety and risk management. The panel's comments and suggestions were extremely valuable in improving the technical presentation and organization of the report. The authors would like to thank the following members of the External Peer Review Panel for their valuable comments, suggestions, and directions. 10 TABLES 12 FOREWORDThe Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimates that domestic natural gas production is expected to increase more slowly th...

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“…Fires pose the dominant source of risk to the safety and security of nuclear weapons, nuclear transport containers and DOE and DoD facilities. Because of the relatively low velocities (especially near the pool surface), high temperatures, and high soot loadings in pool fires of practical transportation fuels, the predominant mode of heat transfer to significantly sized objects that are engulfed or adjacent to these fires is thermal radiation from soot (Gritzo et al, 1998). The magnitude of this radiant emission is linearly dependent on soot concentration and emissivity and is dependent on soot temperature to the fourth power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soot formation, transport, and radiation in unsteady diffusion flames : LDRD final report.

Suo-Anttila

Williams²,

Shaddix³

et al. 2004

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Fires pose the dominant risk to the safety and security of nuclear weapons, nuclear transport containers, and DOE and DoD facilities. The thermal hazard from these fires primarily results from radiant emission from high-temperature flame soot. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the local transport and chemical phenomena that determine the distributions of soot concentration, optical properties, and temperature in order to develop and validate constitutive models for large-scale, high-fidelity fire simulations. This report summarizes the findings of a Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project devoted to obtaining the critical experimental information needed to develop such constitutive models. A combination of laser diagnostics and extractive measurement techniques have been employed in both steady and pulsed laminar diffusion flames of methane, ethylene, and JP-8 surrogate burning in air. For methane and ethylene, both slot and coannular flame geometries were investigated, as well as normal and inverse diffusion flame geometries. For the JP-8 surrogate, coannular normal diffusion flames were investigated. Soot concentrations, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) signals, hydroxyl radical (OH) LIF, acetylene and water vapor concentrations, soot zone temperatures, and the velocity field were all successfully measured in both steady and unsteady versions of these various flames. In addition, measurements were made of the soot microstructure, soot dimensionless extinction coefficient (&), and the local radiant heat flux. Taken together, these measurements comprise a unique, extensive database for future development and validation of models of soot formation, transport, and radiation. 3This page intentionally left blank.

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Estimates of the Extent and Character of the Oxygen-Starved Interior in Large Pool Fires

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Large-Scale Open Pool Experimental Data and Analysis for Fire Model Validation and Development

Large-Scale Open Pool Experimental Data and Analysis for Fire Model Validation and Development

Guidance on risk analysis and safety implications of a large liquefied natural gas (LNG) spill over water.

Soot formation, transport, and radiation in unsteady diffusion flames : LDRD final report.

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