Estimates of injecting drug users at the national and local level in developing and transitional countries, and gender and age distribution

Aceijas, Carmen; Friedman, S. R.; Cooper, Hannah L.F.; Wiessing, Lucas; Stimson, Gerry V.; Hickman, Matthew

doi:10.1136/sti.2005.019471

Cited by 112 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…85 The prevalence of HBsAg positivity was seen in 2.7-10.8% of IVDUs. [86][87][88] In high-risk populations including IVDUs, truckers and attendees of sexually transmitted disease clinic in Amritsar, the prevalence of HBV infection was seen in 17.8%.…”

Section: Transmission By Intravenous Drug Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling the Hepatitis B Disease Burden in India

Puri

2014

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

119

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Globally, approximately 240 people have been infected worldwide with hepatitis B Virus (HBV). India has approximately HBV carrier rate of 3.0% with a high prevalence rate in the tribal population. With a population of more than 1.25 billion, India has more than 37 million HBV carriers and contributes a large proportion of this HBV burden. While horizontal transmission in childhood appears to be a major route of transmission, the role of vertical transmission is probably underestimated. Blood transfusion and unsafe therapeutic injections continue to be important modes of transmission of HBV. There is a need for large field studies to better understand HBV epidemiology and identify high prevalence areas, and public health measures to prevent disease transmission and decrease the burden of the disease. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2014;4:312-319)

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Section: Transmission By Intravenous Drug Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling the Hepatitis B Disease Burden in India

Puri

2014

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

119

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“…85 A community-based surveillance study of IVDUs in Kolkata showed an increase of anti-HCV seroprevalence from 17% to 80% over a 7-year period despite an ongoing needle-exchange programme. 86 Though prevalence of HCV infection among IVDUs in most Indian states is 30%-50%, a higher prevalence has been reported from the northeastern states.…”

Section: Transmission By Intravenous Drug Abusementioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus Statement of HCV Task Force of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL). Part I: Status Report of HCV Infection in India

Puri

Anand

Saraswat

et al. 2014

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology

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Globally, around 150 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). India contributes a large proportion of this HCV burden. The prevalence of HCV infection in India is estimated at between 0.5% and 1.5%. It is higher in the northeastern part, tribal populations and Punjab, areas which may represent HCV hotspots, and is lower in western and eastern parts of the country. The predominant modes of HCV transmission in India are blood transfusion and unsafe therapeutic injections. There is a need for large field studies to better understand HCV epidemiology and identify high-prevalence areas, and to identify and spread awareness about the modes of transmission of this infection in an attempt to prevent disease transmission. ( J CLIN EXP HEPATOL 2014;4:106-116)

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“…Despite growing concern, there remains a dearth of information on young PWID (Aceijas, et al, 2006). Age disaggregated data on injecting risk behaviours is especially scarce, and has been highlighted as a priority (HRI, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injecting behaviour and service use among young injectors in Albania, Moldova, Romania and Serbia

Busza

Douthwaite

Bani

et al. 2013

International Journal of Drug Policy

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Background: This study examines socio-demographic profiles, injecting risk, and use of health services among young injectors (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24) in Albania, Moldova, Romania, and Serbia. The objective was to provide age-disaggregated data to identify differences between adolescents (<18) and youth (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24), and help fill the gap in knowledge on the youngest injectors in this region. Methods: Cross sectional surveys were conducted in each country using chain-referral sampling to reach diverse networks of people who use drugs (PWID). In Albania and Romania, surveys were conducted in the capitals, respectively Bucharest and Tirana. Respondents were recruited from 3 cities in Moldova (Chisinau, Balti and Tiraspol) and Serbia (Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis). Data were collected on risk behaviours, service use, and contact with police and other authorities. Analysis focused on associations between unsafe injecting behaviour and key determinants including demographic background, source of needles/syringes, use of harm reduction services, and interactions with law enforcement. Results: Although drug use and health-seeking varied across settings, sources of injecting equipment were significantly associated with sharing needles and syringes in Moldova, Romania and Serbia. Obtaining equipment from formal sources (pharmacies, needle-exchange programmes) reduced likelihood of sharing significantly, while being stopped by the police or incarcerated increased it. Adolescents relied on pharmacies more than public sector services to obtain equipment. Conclusion: Adolescents comprise a small proportion of PWID in this region, but have poorer access to harm reduction services than older peers. Engaging young PWID through private and public sector outlets might reduce unsafe practices, while use of the justice system to address drug use complicates efforts to reach this population.

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Estimates of injecting drug users at the national and local level in developing and transitional countries, and gender and age distribution

Abstract: Unfortunately data on IDU prevalence available to national and international policymakers is of an unknown and probably yet to be tested quality. This study provide baseline figures but steps need to be taken now to improve the reporting and assessment of these critical data.

Cited by 112 publications

References 13 publications

Tackling the Hepatitis B Disease Burden in India

Tackling the Hepatitis B Disease Burden in India

Consensus Statement of HCV Task Force of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver (INASL). Part I: Status Report of HCV Infection in India

Injecting behaviour and service use among young injectors in Albania, Moldova, Romania and Serbia

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