Estimates of Heritability in Hops, Humulus lupulus L.<sup>1</sup>

Keller, Kenneth R.; Likens, S. T.

doi:10.2134/agronj1955.00021962004700110007x

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…In most cultivated plant species, the inheritance of yield is complex; influenced by a multitude of integrated physiological and biochemical processes, each with their own genetic basis [36,37] and hop is no exception [38-40]. Yield may also be influenced by a number of environmental factors, including water supply [41-44], nutrient availability, day length [41,45], irradiance [43,44], temperature [43,44], agricultural practice [46] and infestation of pests and diseases [47-50].…”

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Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

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BackgroundHop (Humulus lupulus L.) is cultivated for its cones, the secondary metabolites of which contribute bitterness, flavour and aroma to beer. Molecular breeding methods, such as marker assisted selection (MAS), have great potential for improving the efficiency of hop breeding. The success of MAS is reliant on the identification of reliable marker-trait associations. This study used quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to identify marker-trait associations for hop, focusing on traits related to expediting plant sex identification, increasing yield capacity and improving bittering, flavour and aroma chemistry.ResultsQTL analysis was performed on two new linkage maps incorporating transferable Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers. Sixty-three QTL were identified, influencing 36 of the 50 traits examined. A putative sex-linked marker was validated in a different pedigree, confirming the potential of this marker as a screening tool in hop breeding programs. An ontogenetically stable QTL was identified for the yield trait dry cone weight; and a QTL was identified for essential oil content, which verified the genetic basis for variation in secondary metabolite accumulation in hop cones. A total of 60 QTL were identified for 33 secondary metabolite traits. Of these, 51 were pleiotropic/linked, affecting a substantial number of secondary metabolites; nine were specific to individual secondary metabolites.ConclusionsPleiotropy and linkage, found for the first time to influence multiple hop secondary metabolites, have important implications for molecular selection methods. The selection of particular secondary metabolite profiles using pleiotropic/linked QTL will be challenging because of the difficulty of selecting for specific traits without adversely changing others. QTL specific to individual secondary metabolites, however, offer unequalled value to selection programs. In addition to their potential for selection, the QTL identified in this study advance our understanding of the genetic control of traits of current economic and breeding significance in hop and demonstrate the complex genetic architecture underlying variation in these traits. The linkage information obtained in this study, based on transferable markers, can be used to facilitate the validation of QTL, crucial to the success of MAS.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

et al. 2013

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“…They also reported negative genetic correlations between α‐acid and β‐acid content, and between β‐acid and hop storage index, and positive genetic correlations between cohumulone and yield, and cohumulone and hop storage index. Genetic variation in hop has also been reported for essential oil concentration (Henning et al, 1997b) and mineral concentration (Keller and Likens, 1955).…”

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Potential Heterotic Groups in Hop as Determined by AFLP Analysis

Townsend

Henning

2005

Crop Science

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␤-acid was negatively correlated among 112 female (r ϭ Ϫ0.78), and among 74 male hop genotypes (r ϭ Ϫ0.85). Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a perennial, dioecious species inAdditive genetic variation was detected for yield, ␣and which the female inflorescence (cones) are harvested and used in the beer-brewing process to impart bittering and/or flavoring to beer.␤-acid content, cohumulone, and hop storage index for Hop breeders have typically utilized clonal selection and hybridization both males and females in a North Carolin Design I to develop new cultivars. The use of genetically diverse parents for analysis of 25 yr of USDA historical data (Henning et al., the purpose of capturing heterosis in the offspring has received little 1997a). They also reported negative genetic correlations attention from hop breeders. The objective of this research was to between ␣-acid and ␤-acid content, and between ␤-acid assign male (N ϭ 80) and female (N ϭ 26) hop genotypes into potential and hop storage index, and positive genetic correlations heterotic groups using AFLP-generated molecular markers. The six between cohumulone and yield, and cohumulone and AFLP primers used in this study amplified 550 total fragments, of which 490 (89.1%) were polymorphic. A genetic distance (GD) matrix hop storage index. Genetic variation in hop has also was computed from the binary data matrix, and groupings and sumbeen reported for essential oil concentration (Henning mary statistics were calculated from the GD matrix. Two major cluset al., 1997b) and mineral concentration (Keller and ters were observed, one composed primarily of European hops, while Likens, 1955). the second group was composed primarily of European-wild Ameri-Several molecular marker tools have been employed can hybrids. The two major clusters were further subdivided into 13 to assess genetic diversity in hop, including amplified smaller clusters (two female, nine male, two male and female) based fragment length polymorphsim (AFLP) (Hartl and Seeon a qualitative analysis. These results suggest potential parental combinations for hop researchers and breeders to study heterosis in hop.

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“…Only within the last half‐century have major efforts been made to utilize male hop lines in breeding programs. Because of the paucity of male hop lines and the insistence by major brewers on using specific established hop varieties, little information has accumulated regarding the genetics of breeding this species, other than early work by Keller and Likens (1955) and work using historical data for estimates of heritability (Henning et al, 1997a, 1997b). Furthermore, the lack of male lines has restricted efforts by researchers to estimate maternal and paternal effects in genetic studies.…”

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Field‐Based Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Correlations in Hop

Henning

Townsend

2005

Crop Science

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Early selection efforts in hop breeding consisted solely of clonal selection, with most male hop plants rogued out Hop (Humulus lupulus L. var. lupulus) is grown worldwide for from localities where hops are produced. Only within the the production of the dried female inflorescence (strobulus), or cones, used principally for the bittering and flavoring of beer. Information last half-century have major efforts been made to utilize is scant on the inheritance of traits of economic importance in hop, male hop lines in breeding programs. Because of the and present knowledge is based on historical data rather than designed paucity of male hop lines and the insistence by major experimental investigation. The objective of this study was to estimate brewers on using specific established hop varieties, little the heritability of and genetic correlation among six traits: yield information has accumulated regarding the genetics of (YLD), ␣-acid (ALP) concentration, ␤-acid (BET) concentration, breeding this species, other than early work by Keller cohumulone (COH) percentage, colupulone (COL) percentage, and and Likens (1955) and work using historical data for xanthohumol (XAN) concentration. Twenty-five full-sib families wereestimates of heritability (Henning et al., 1997a(Henning et al., , 1997b. developed by crossing five randomly chosen females and five ran-Furthermore, the lack of male lines has restricted efforts domly chosen males in a North Carolina Design II mating design. by researchers to estimate maternal and paternal effects Plants were transplanted into the field in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replicates. Data were recorded for two in genetic studies. Initial reports on hop breeding dealt years. Heritabilities for all traits were moderate to high using variance primarily with technique and strategy with little inforcomponents estimated from males. With the exception of heritability mation on the heritabilities of, or genetic correlations beestimates for YLD and ALP, all other traits were not significantly diftween, traits of interest (Haunold, , 1981Neve, 1991; ferent from zero using female variance components as estimators. Roberts et al., 1980). Keller and Likens (1955) and Rob-Pooled estimates of heritability yielded more reasonable estimates erts et al. (1980) both reported on heritability in hops. with lowest heritability for BET (h 2 ϭ 0.57 Ϯ 0.19) and highest for Unfortunately, both papers reported heritability esti-COL (h 2 ϭ 0.89 Ϯ 0.02). Pooled estimates of genetic correlations ranged mates that were biased upward because of confounding from r ϭ 0.28 (ALP and YLD) to r ϭ 0.92 (YLD and XAN). Finally, of the additive genetic variance with dominance variance. correlations between coefficients of coancestry (COA) between pairs Much of the preliminary efforts at breeding hops and their respective mean offspring data were significant for ALP, COL, and XAN suggesting that for these traits at least, COA values J.A. Henning, USDA-ARS, National Forage Seed Processing Revarious ways to ...

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Estimates of Heritability in Hops, Humulus lupulus L.¹

Cited by 19 publications

References 4 publications

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

Potential Heterotic Groups in Hop as Determined by AFLP Analysis

Field‐Based Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Correlations in Hop

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Estimates of Heritability in Hops, Humulus lupulus L.1

Cited by 19 publications

References 4 publications

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

Potential Heterotic Groups in Hop as Determined by AFLP Analysis

Field‐Based Estimates of Heritability and Genetic Correlations in Hop

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Estimates of Heritability in Hops, Humulus lupulus L.¹