Estimates of first-generation women and girls with female genital mutilation in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland

Baelen, Luk Van; Ortensi, Livia Elisa; Leye, Els

doi:10.1080/13625187.2016.1234597

Cited by 60 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…A study by Van Baelen et al based on demographic data from 2011 estimated that 7910 girls and women living in Denmark had been subjected to FGM before immigration [ 4 ]. The current prevalence of girls and women having been, or in risk of being, submitted to FGM in Denmark is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to migration over the past decades the practice of FGM has spread to European and other Western countries [ 3 – 10 ]. It has been estimated by the European Parliament that 500,000 women and girls have been subjected to FGM whereas 180,000 girls are in risk of being subjected to FGM [ 11 ]; though some argue that this is an under-estimation [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mapping the lack of public initiative against female genital mutilation in Denmark

et al. 2018

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BackgroundFemale genital mutilation (FGM) is a harmful practice prevalent in 35 countries, mainly in Africa, as well as in some Middle Eastern countries and a few Asian countries. FGM comprises all procedures that involve partial or complete resection of, or other injury to, external female genitalia for non-medical reasons. The practice of FGM has spread to Western countries due to migration. The European Institute for Gender Equality recommend that FGM be combatted by nationally coordinated efforts through implementation of national action plans, guidelines for professionals as well as comprehensive research in the field. FGM was outlawed in Denmark 2003, but no national actions plan has been implemented. Instead, the task of combatting FGM is currently under the responsibility of local governments in the form of the 98 municipalities. The aim of this study is to investigate the Danish municipalities’ efforts to prevent FGM on the local level, and whether these initiatives are in accordance with international recommendations and standards.MethodsAll 98 Danish municipalities were invited to respond to a questionnaire regarding FGM in their respective municipalities. The inclusion process and questionnaire was designed after a pilot study, which included 29 municipalities. The questionnaire consisted of four overall areas of focus: “action plan”, “registration”, “information material” and “preventive initiatives”. Demographic data were gathered from the 2017 census by Statistics Denmark. Risk countries were defined as countries with a tradition for FGM, identified from the 2016 UNICEF definition.ResultsA total of 67 municipalities participated in the study. At the time of census, 1.8% of the Danish population was immigrants with origins in risk countries. A total of 10.4% of the responding municipalities indicated to have implemented a specific action plan against FGM. A total of 7,5% had implemented specific preventive initiatives against FGM. Registration of reported FGM cases were indicated to be performed in 73.1% of the responding municipalities; however, only 17.9% stated to perform registration of FGM specifically as such, and not as general child abuse.ConclusionsOur study shows that the current situation of FGM registration and prevention being under local administrative responsibility in the 98 Danish municipalities has led to a severe lack of coordinated public initiative against FGM.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12978-018-0499-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping the lack of public initiative against female genital mutilation in Denmark

et al. 2018

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“…[4] It may also be seen among some ethnic groups and immigrants living in developed European and North American countries and Australia. [5] Although there are no o cial and comprehensive statistics on the prevalence of FGM/C in Iran, the results of few studies have shown that the prevalence of the practice varies by region and is mainly concentrated in the western and southwestern provinces (Hormozgan, Khuzestan, Bushehr, Kurdistan, and Kermanshah [6][7][8] which are mostly inhabited by Sunni Muslims. The prevalence of the FGM/C is reported to be between 55.5 and 70% primarily in rural of these areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating Utility value for Female Genital Mutilation

Alinia

Jahanbin

Safari

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a clear violation of women's rights and can have adverse and irreversible health effects as well. Worldwide, more than 200 million women and girls have undergone FGM/C. Utility value of FGM/C has not been estimated yet, so we designed this study to extract the health utility value of FGM/C for the first time in the world.Methods: In a cross-sectional study in Iran, 125 girls and women who underwent FGM/C procedure were examined by the trained midwives in order to determine its type. In addition, a questionnaire was completed for identifying the socio-demographic factors and extracting the health utility of these individuals. Health utility was measured using Time Trade-off method and also to determine the effects of the socio-demographic factors on the health utility a two-limit censored regression model was applied.Results: The mean and median of the health utility of women with FGM/C were 0.971 (SE: 0.003) and 0.968 (IQR: 1-0.95), respectively. Number of non-traders was 58 (46.4%) who reported perfect health utility. However, the mean of health utility among traders was 0.946 (SE: 0.002). Only type 1 (Clitoridectomy) and type 2 (Excision) FGM/C were seen in this study. Women with Type 1 FGM/C had significantly lower health utility value (Mean: 0.968, Median: 0.957) than their type 2 counterparts (Mean: 0.987, Median: 1.00). Moreover, women in the age group of 31-45 years (Mean: 0.962, Median: 0.956), single (Mean: 0.950, Median: 0.954), divorced (Mean: 0.951, Median: 0.950), employed (Mean: 0.959, Median: 0.956), and with supplementary insurance (Mean: 0.962, Median: 0.950) had significantly lower health utility than their counterparts.Conclusion: FGM/C affects physical and psychological well-being of these individuals, resulting in a lack of personal and marital satisfaction, which ultimately leads to a 3% reduction in their health related quality of life. Therefore, preventing from this practice is very important and should be considered by health system policy makers more than before.

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“…FGC is largely seen as an African phenomenon but is also practised in several Middle Eastern and Asian countries (Alkhalaileh et al 2017;Rashid, Patil, and Valimalar 2009), even if attitudes and practices regarding FGC are changing (Van Bavel, Coene, and Leye 2017; Graamans et al 2018). Migration has turned FGC into a global phenomenon, with more than half a million cut women and girls living in Europe, for example (Van Baelen, Ortensi, and Leye 2016). The prevalence of FGC seems to have reduced after years of preventive campaigns, but progress towards eradication is slow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘I want what every other woman has’: reasons for wanting clitoral reconstructive surgery after female genital cutting – a qualitative study from Sweden

Jordal

Griffin

Sigurjónsson

2018

Culture, Health & Sexuality

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Female genital cutting (FGC) involves the removal of women's external genitalia for non-therapeutic reasons. An estimated 38,000 women living in Sweden have undergone some form of the procedure. These women often belong to marginalised minorities of immigrant women from countries where FGC is widespread. Clitoral reconstructive surgery following FGC has recently been introduced in Sweden. This study investigates women's perceptions of FGC and clitoral reconstructive surgery with a particular focus on: (1) reasons for requesting reconstructive surgery, and (2) FGC-affected women's expectations of the surgery. Seventeen women referred for clitoral reconstructive surgery at the

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Estimates of first-generation women and girls with female genital mutilation in the European Union, Norway and Switzerland

Cited by 60 publications

References 3 publications

Mapping the lack of public initiative against female genital mutilation in Denmark

Mapping the lack of public initiative against female genital mutilation in Denmark

Estimating Utility value for Female Genital Mutilation

‘I want what every other woman has’: reasons for wanting clitoral reconstructive surgery after female genital cutting – a qualitative study from Sweden

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