“…On the one hand, the distance or closeness of these elements was calculated, and on the other, the travel time on foot from some of them, thereby introducing the capacity of human penetration in forestland. Regarding the latter, it must be borne in mind that the slope gradient influences movement on foot; the flatter the surface, the greater the distance travelled in a given time [56,57]. Naturally, travel times and distances were only calculated for those elements from which people can make incursions into the forest environment, such as the cases of paths, roads without shoulders, recreation areas, lookout points, population centres and scattered rural buildings.…”
Forest fires are a critical environmental problem facing current societies, with serious repercussions at ecological, economic and personal safety levels. Detailed maps enabling identification of areas liable to be affected is an indispensable first step allowing different prevention and protection measures vis-à-vis this kind of phenomenon. These maps could be especially valuable for use in land management and emergency planning at a municipality scale. A methodology is shown for producing local maps of mid- and short-term forest fire risk, integrating both natural and human factors. Among natural factors, variables normally used in hazard models are considered as fuel models, slopes or vegetation moisture stress. From the human perspective, more novel aspects have been evaluated, meant either to assess human-induced hazard (closeness to forestland of causative elements or the ability of people to penetrate the forest environment), or to assess vulnerability, considering the population’s location in urban centres and scattered settlements. The methodology is applied in a municipality of Andalusia (Spain) and obtained results were compared to burned areas maps.
“…On the one hand, the distance or closeness of these elements was calculated, and on the other, the travel time on foot from some of them, thereby introducing the capacity of human penetration in forestland. Regarding the latter, it must be borne in mind that the slope gradient influences movement on foot; the flatter the surface, the greater the distance travelled in a given time [56,57]. Naturally, travel times and distances were only calculated for those elements from which people can make incursions into the forest environment, such as the cases of paths, roads without shoulders, recreation areas, lookout points, population centres and scattered rural buildings.…”
Forest fires are a critical environmental problem facing current societies, with serious repercussions at ecological, economic and personal safety levels. Detailed maps enabling identification of areas liable to be affected is an indispensable first step allowing different prevention and protection measures vis-à-vis this kind of phenomenon. These maps could be especially valuable for use in land management and emergency planning at a municipality scale. A methodology is shown for producing local maps of mid- and short-term forest fire risk, integrating both natural and human factors. Among natural factors, variables normally used in hazard models are considered as fuel models, slopes or vegetation moisture stress. From the human perspective, more novel aspects have been evaluated, meant either to assess human-induced hazard (closeness to forestland of causative elements or the ability of people to penetrate the forest environment), or to assess vulnerability, considering the population’s location in urban centres and scattered settlements. The methodology is applied in a municipality of Andalusia (Spain) and obtained results were compared to burned areas maps.
“…Por esta razón aquí se optó por emplear Arcgis y su algoritmo CostDistance que, a pesar de ser isotrópico, proporcionaba resultados más fáciles de entender. Dado que las vías romanas eran utilizadas en ambos sentidos, y que la diferencia altimétrica entre canteras y puertos no superaba los 450 metros en los más de 40 km que los separan -pendiente del 1%-no interesó tanto la anisotropía de la pendiente como calcular, una vez establecida la ruta óptima, el tiempo que podía tardar en recorrerse en ambos sentidos, considerando, ahora sí, la anisotropía; para ello fue empleada la función Modified Hiking Function (Márquez et al, 2017).…”
Y deben ser revisadas, en la medida en que algunas de estas identificaciones, especialmente durante los años ochenta y noventa, corresponden a un momento de aún no discriminación clara entre los materiales de Almadén y Estremoz, en la misma entidad geológica, Ossa Morena, pero un tanto alejadas entre sí tanto física como administrativamente (Lapuente et al., 2014: 334). reflection on the different parameters that would have conditioned the transport of heavy loads in antiquity and our greater or lesser capacity to evaluate them.
“…Fig. 13.Comparing the traditional route between Ampelakia and Spilia with the results of four different least cost path analyses: ‘Tobler's Hiking Function’ (after Tripcevich 2009 and White 2015), the modified ‘Tobler's Hiking Function’ (after Márquez-Pérez, Vallejo-Villalta and Álvarez-Francoso 2017) and the energy cost function (after Minetti et al 2002). Fig.…”
Section: Experience: Approaching the Cavementioning
This paper focuses on the little-known but important cave-sanctuary of Zar Trypa on Mount Ossa (modern Kissavos) in north-eastern Thessaly. In 1910, research conducted at the site uncovered remains of votives from the Classical, Hellenistic and Roman periods, including a group of eight inscriptions dedicated to the Nymphs. Despite this remarkable epigraphic assemblage, the site was not investigated beyond a single excavation season and today is largely unknown. Consequently, the Zar Trypa cave and its finds have never featured prominently in the discussion of Thessalian religion or of Greek ‘natural’ sanctuaries. Combining archival studies, on-site observations and GIS-based methods of landscape archaeology, this paper sets out to re-assess the surviving archaeological evidence from the Zar Trypa cave, to examine the spatial setting of ritual activity at the site, and to place the cave in the context of Mount Ossa's natural environment and ancient settlement pattern. Drawing on the methodological framework of ‘lived religion’, this assessment not only contributes towards our understanding of ancient religious experiences at the Zar Trypa cave, but also addresses broader questions such as the significance and meaning of ‘sacred travel’ in pre-Christian antiquity.
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