Estimated Pregnancy Length from Ovulation to Parturition in the Bitch and its Influencing Factors: A Retrospective Study in 162 Pregnancies

Mir, Fernando; Billault, Catherine; Fontaine, Emmanuel; Sendra, Juan Menor; Fontbonne, Alain

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01773.x

Cited by 23 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The results of our study are in line with Eilts et al (2005), Mir et al (2011), andPolat et al (2015) who found a negative relationship between litter size and pregnancy length in large breeds as well. Our study documented for the first time the negative effect of gestation length on the number of live puppies born.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Factors affecting reproductive efficiency in German Shepherd bitches producing litters for Police of the Czech Republic

Šichtař¹,

Dokoupilová²,

Vostrý³

et al. 2016

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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ABSTRACT:The present study on German Shepherd bitches bred in the same environment of a private kennel and producing offspring for working purposes aimed to ascertain if any of the parameters: litter size, number of live puppies, stillbirth and mortality of puppies is determined by the month of whelping, parity, number of whelpings for one bitch over the course of one year, pregnancy length or bitch age at the time of whelping. Reproductive records of 73 bitches of German Shepherd breed (GSB) documented since 2001 till 2013 were processed. A total of 298 whelpings resulted in 2075 puppies; mortality of puppies was evaluated within the first 3 weeks of life. A significant seasonal influence on litter size and number of live born puppies, but not on stillbirth or mortality, was found. The parity of GSB significantly influenced litter size, live born puppies, and the incidence of stillbirths. The number of whelpings in one bitch over the course of one year significantly influenced litter size, while puppy losses were the same when bitches were bred once or twice a year. Litter size and number of live born puppies had a significant negative effect on pregnancy length. Furthermore, the number of stillbirths significantly increased when pregnancy was prolonged. Bitch age did not influence litter size, number of live born puppies and stillbirths, however it significantly affected mortality.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

Factors affecting reproductive efficiency in German Shepherd bitches producing litters for Police of the Czech Republic

Šichtař¹,

Dokoupilová²,

Vostrý³

et al. 2016

CZECH J ANIM SCI

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“…However, the overall range was 60–67 days, similar to what was previously described by Mir et al. . Several factors have been evaluated for their influence on pregnancy length: size, breed, weight, age, parity and litter size.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 52%

“…) or from the day of estimated ovulation (63.1 ± 2.1 days, Mir et al. ). Pregnancy length was 63 ± 2 days, and 86.3% of the bitches gave birth to the puppies between 61 and 65 days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation of a Feia Method for Canine Serum Progesterone Assay

Rota

Vannozzi

Marianelli

et al. 2015

Reprod Domestic Animals

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The evaluation of progesterone (P4) concentration is a valuable tool in assessing physiological reproductive events and reproductive disorders in bitches. A reliable and rapid (preferable, point of care) determination of P4 is advisable in most cases. Aims of this study were to evaluate a fluorescence enzyme immunoassay (FEIA) for canine serum P4 concentration by (i) the agreement with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), (ii) the association with vaginal cytology and (iii) the accuracy in the prediction of the parturition date calculated from the estimated day of ovulation. Serum samples were collected from client-owned bitches presented between 2011 and 2014 for the evaluation of their oestrous cycle, pregnancy or reproductive disorders. The agreement between FEIA and LC/MS/MS, evaluated on 19 samples, was statistically significant (R(2) = 95.7%, p < 0.001), although FEIA showed significantly higher values than LC/MS/MS (p < 0.05). In the different phases of oestrous cycle, as determined by vaginal cytology, P4 concentrations (by FEIA) were statistically different (p < 0.05): anoestrus (n = 7) 0.38 ± 0.14 ng/ml, proestrus (n = 14) 1.04 ± 0.67 ng/ml and oestrus (n = 72) 6.8 ± 7.26 ng/ml. Mean pregnancy length from the estimated day of ovulation was 62.9 ± 1.8 days. In 13 of 22 (59.1%), 19 of 22 (86.3%) and 21 of 22 (95.5%) bitches pregnancy lasted 63 ± 1, 63 ± 2 and 63 ± 3 days, respectively. Three pregnancies were outside the 61-65 days range (60, 60 and 67 days). In conclusion, the FEIA method employed can be considered reliable and, in association with vaginal cytology, effective in evaluating the canine oestrous cycle.

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“…() in 35 bitches that received injections at 15 mg/kg also performed planned C‐sections in bitches that were not at term with the same protocol and no external sign of prematurity was observed among the puppies. Other studies have shown that the pregnancy length in the bitch could vary from 61 to 66 days post‐ovulation with an average of 63.9 days and that foetal maturity was achieved at 59 days post‐ovulation for females and 60 days for males (Kutzler & Volkmann, ; Mir, Billault, Fontaine, Sendra, & Fontbonne, ; Tsutsui, Hori, Kirihara, Kawakami, & Concannon, ). In our study, all C‐sections were done at a time where foetal maturity was supposed to have arrived.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal puppy survival after planned caesarean section in the bitch using aglepristone as a primer: A retrospective study on 74 cases

Roos

Maenhoudt

Zilberstein

et al. 2018

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Since most of dystocia end up in caesarean sections (C‐sections), the history of any problem during whelping is a good reason to plan in advance a further C‐section. Our aim was to confirm that on a large sample and over an extended period of time, mortality in puppies <2 weeks of age was low, born after a planned C‐section using aglepristone as a primer. Seventy‐four C‐sections on 59 different bitches were included. Bitches were monitored during oestrus to estimate the day of ovulation by progesterone assays; 60, 61 or 62 days after ovulation, foetal viability was checked by ultrasonography and progesterone plasma level was measured. None of the bitches was at term (progesterone plasma level >2 ng/ml). An injection of aglepristone was performed in late afternoon to block the effect of progesterone, mimicking its drop at the end of pregnancy. The C‐section was conducted the following morning. Twenty‐one breeds were represented most of which were bulldogs (26%, 21/74) and Great Danes (16%, 13/74). Four hundred and thirty‐five puppies were born. A total of 43/435 puppies died within the first 2 weeks (9.89%). None of the puppies showed any external signs of prematurity. The average number of deaths per litter relative to the date after ovulation was similar (0.5 pups per litter at day 60, 0.7 at day 61, 0.4 at day 62). This study shows that planned C‐section after an accurate determination of ovulation and using aglepristone as a primer is a safe procedure for bitches and their offspring. It may be offered to owners if a pregnant bitch is “at risk” of dystocia.

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Estimated Pregnancy Length from Ovulation to Parturition in the Bitch and its Influencing Factors: A Retrospective Study in 162 Pregnancies

Cited by 23 publications

References 9 publications

Factors affecting reproductive efficiency in German Shepherd bitches producing litters for Police of the Czech Republic

Factors affecting reproductive efficiency in German Shepherd bitches producing litters for Police of the Czech Republic

Laboratory and Clinical Evaluation of a Feia Method for Canine Serum Progesterone Assay

Neonatal puppy survival after planned caesarean section in the bitch using aglepristone as a primer: A retrospective study on 74 cases

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