Estimated mineral intakes of toddlers: predicted prevalence of inadequacy in village populations in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico

Calloway, Doris Howes; Murphy, Suzanne P.; Beaton, George H.; Lein, David

doi:10.1093/ajcn/56.3.565

Cited by 145 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Comparison with Kenyan toddlers (Calloway et al, 1993;Murphy et al, 1992), who were, however, not breast-fed, showed that energy, protein, vitamin A, and iron intake was in a similar range, but fat intake was higher (50%) in our toddlers, whereas carbohydrate and calcium intake was higher (24 ± 41%) in the Kenyan children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia

et al. 1999

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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the quality of diet of rural Zambian pre-school children, and to compare the dietary intake of stunted and non-stunted children. Design: Cross-sectional study, in which dietary intake was assessed with a 24-h recall method. Height and weight were measured according to standard procedures. Setting: Twelve villages in Samfya District, Zambia. Subjects: Children aged 6 ± 9 months (`infants') and 14 ± 20 months (`toddlers'), attending Mother-and-Child Health Clinics, were eligible for study. Excluded were: 12 wasted, and 18 for other reasons. In total 106 infants and 99 toddlers were included. Results: In infants and toddlers, total daily intake of energy, calcium, iron, and vitamin A was insuf®cient compared to recommended daily intakes. Only infants had insuf®cient protein intake. Compared to intake from weaning foods, breast milk was the main source of energy and most nutrients for infants. For toddlers, weaning foods were more important. Stunted infants and toddlers tended to have lower intakes of energy compared to non-stunted age-mates. Daily energy intake per kg bodyweight showed no difference between stunted and nonstunted children.Conclusions: Overall quality of weaning foods was inadequate. Stunted infants and toddlers showed a tendency of lower energy intakes compared to non-stunted age-mates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia

et al. 1999

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“…Percentage zinc bioavailability was then adjusted considering intake of animal protein as an enhancing factor (>16 g=4.18 MJ, þ5%) and calcium as an inhibiting factor (>500 mg=4.18 MJ, 75%; >750 mg=4.18 MJ, 710%). The algorithm used here was adapted from the guidelines put forth by FAO=WHO=IAEA (1996) for estimating zinc bioavailability based on diet type and was previously described by Murphy et al (1992).…”

Section: Determination Of Nutrient Intakes From Complementary Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For non-haem iron, bioavailability was determined for each meal using an algorithm based on Monsen et al (1978) and modified by Murphy et al (1992). Starting with a basal percentage bioavailability of 5%, bioavailability was increased by the meal content of meat=fish=poultry protein (>9 g=4.18 MJ, þ5%; >27 g=4.18 MJ, þ10%) and ascorbic acid (>35 mg=4.18 MJ, þ5%; >105 mg=4.18 MJ, þ10%), and decreased by tannin-containing teas and coffees (250 g standard strength beverage, 720% of percentage bioavailability, to a maximum of 60% per meal).…”

Section: Determination Of Nutrient Intakes From Complementary Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Complementary feeding practices and dietary intakes from complementary foods amongst weanlings in rural Malawi

Hotz

2001

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: The objectives of this study were to estimate the quantity and nutritive quality of the complementary diet in rural Malawi, and to identify feeding practices, nutrients and dietary modifiers of iron and zinc bioavailability that may limit the quality of the diet. Design: This cross-sectional study design included an anthropometric survey, a feeding practices questionnaire, and an interactive, 24 h recall dietary data survey. Setting: Four rural villages in Balaka district, southern Malawi. Subjects: Mothers resident in the study communities with breastfed children aged up to 24 months were eligible. Results: Stunting was prevalent among these weanlings. Maize was the predominant food source, with limited contribution of animal foods. Deficits in dietary energy and several nutrients were found when compared to estimated needs. When expressed per kg body weight, energy intakes appeared adequate. The bioavailability of zinc was low due to a high phytate:zinc molar ratio. Iron bioavailability was also low due to low intake of absorption enhancers such as meat=fish=poultry protein and ascorbic acid. Dietary quality was poorest for 6 to 8-month-old infants. Conclusions: Iron, zinc and calcium were the most limiting nutrients to the quality of the diet, partly exacerbated by the poor bioavailability of iron and zinc. Increased total intake and bioavailability of iron and zinc would improve the complementary diets.

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“…Apart from issues related to research design, the lack of consistency in these ®ndings may be attributed to the variability in the nutritional andaor health status of subjects across studies. IDA is often associated with other nutritional de®ciencies, particularly in poor populations of lowincome countries (Murphy et al, 1992). In such populations, iron therapy will generally remedy the IDA and replete iron stores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of an energy and micronutrient supplement on iron deficiency anemia, physical activity and motor and mental development in undernourished children in Indonesia

Harahap¹,

Jahari²,

Husaini³

et al. 2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objectives: This paper reports the effects of an energy and micronutrient supplementation on mental and motor development, activity and behavior under natural conditions of children classi®ed as iron de®cient anemic and iron replete. Design: Children were randomly assigned to two different nutritional supplements: (1) 12 mg iron either 1171 or 209 kJ; (2) 104 kJ 0 iron. Treatment lasted for 6 months. Setting: The sites were six tea plantations in Pangalengan, West Java. Subjects: Eighteen anemic subjects (hemoglobin`110 gaL; transferrin saturation (TS)`16%) and 18 matched (sex and age) controls (hemoglobin b 110 gaL; TS b 16%) were selected from a pool of children with the following characteristics: no chronic disease; length-for-age 7 1 standard deviation (s.d.) and weight-forlength between 71 and 72 s.d. of the median of the reference of the World Health Organization. Methods: Hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin saturation and erythrocyte protoporphyrin were evaluated before and 6 months after treatment. The following psychological measurements were obtained at baseline and 2, 4 and 6 months later. Mental and motor development was evaluated with the Bayley Scale. Motor activity was measured by 4 h continuous observations at home and at day care centers. The interactions between the child and its social and physical environment were also evaluated during 4 h of observations. Results: Anemic children showed faster motor development and greater physical activity than the control children did. None of the other tests showed inter-group differences.

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Estimated mineral intakes of toddlers: predicted prevalence of inadequacy in village populations in Egypt, Kenya, and Mexico

Cited by 145 publications

References 26 publications

Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia

Food consumption of young stunted and non-stunted children in rural Zambia

Complementary feeding practices and dietary intakes from complementary foods amongst weanlings in rural Malawi

Effects of an energy and micronutrient supplement on iron deficiency anemia, physical activity and motor and mental development in undernourished children in Indonesia

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