Estimated Healthcare Costs of Melanoma and Keratinocyte Skin Cancers in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand in 2021

Gordon, Louisa G.; Leung, William; Johns, Richard; McNoe, Bronwen; Lindsay, Daniel; Merollini, Katharina M. D.; Elliott, Thomas M.; Neale, Rachel E.; Olsen, Catherine M.; Pandeya, Nirmala; Whiteman, David C.

doi:10.3390/ijerph19063178

Cited by 27 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…A modelling study on the cost of melanoma in Europe estimated national costs ranging between €1.1 million in Iceland and €543.8 million in Germany (€2.7 billion for all European Union states) [ 130 ]. A recent study estimated the national costs of treating newly diagnosed melanoma in Australia and New Zealand for the year 2021, and reported total costs of AUD 481.6 million (€310 million 2 ), and NZD 74.5 million (€43 million), respectively [ 131 ]. In Australia, the mean cost per patient was AUD 14,268 (€9,198), ranging from AUD 644 (€415) for in situ melanoma to AUD 100,725 (€64,930) for stage III/IV (advanced) disease.…”

Section: Harms Of Exposure To Uv Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

Neale

Lucas

Byrne

et al. 2023

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the Montreal Protocol under the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) evaluates the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health within the context of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments. We assess work published since our last comprehensive assessment in 2018. Over the last four years gains have been made in knowledge of the links between sun exposure and health outcomes, mechanisms, and estimates of disease burden, including economic impacts. Of particular note, there is new information about the way in which exposure to UV radiation modulates the immune system, causing both harms and benefits for health. The burden of skin cancer remains high, with many lives lost to melanoma and many more people treated for keratinocyte cancer, but it has been estimated that the Montreal Protocol will prevent 11 million cases of melanoma and 432 million cases of keratinocyte cancer that would otherwise have occurred in the United States in people born between 1890 and 2100. While the incidence of skin cancer continues to rise, rates have stabilised in younger populations in some countries. Mortality has also plateaued, partly due to the use of systemic therapies for advanced disease. However, these therapies are very expensive, contributing to the extremely high economic burden of skin cancer, and emphasising the importance and comparative cost-effectiveness of prevention. Photodermatoses, inflammatory skin conditions induced by exposure to UV radiation, can have a marked detrimental impact on the quality of life of sufferers. More information is emerging about their potential link with commonly used drugs, particularly anti-hypertensives. The eyes are also harmed by over-exposure to UV radiation. The incidence of cataract and pterygium is continuing to rise, and there is now evidence of a link between intraocular melanoma and sun exposure. It has been estimated that the Montreal Protocol will prevent 63 million cases of cataract that would otherwise have occurred in the United States in people born between 1890 and 2100. Despite the clearly established harms, exposure to UV radiation also has benefits for human health. While the best recognised benefit is production of vitamin D, beneficial effects mediated by factors other than vitamin D are emerging. For both sun exposure and vitamin D, there is increasingly convincing evidence of a positive role in diseases related to immune function, including both autoimmune diseases and infection. With its influence on the intensity of UV radiation and global warming, the Montreal Protocol has, and will have, both direct and indirect effects on human health, potentially changing the balance of the risks and benefits of spending time outdoors. Graphical abstract

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Section: Harms Of Exposure To Uv Radiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

Neale

Lucas

Byrne

et al. 2023

Photochem Photobiol Sci

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“…Several factors make it particularly difficult to estimate the incidence of skin cancer [46]. There are numerous subtypes of skin cancer, which might complicate data collection.…”

Section: Melanoma Cancer Statisticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanoma Epidemiology: Symptoms, Causes, and Preventions

Jeihooni¹,

Harsini²,

Imani³

et al. 2023

Melanoma - Standard of Care, Challenges, and Updates in Clinical Research

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Melanoma arises from melanocyte cells. Melanoma spreads faster than basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) if not diagnosed and treated early. Melanocyte tumors cause malignant melanoma. The preponderance of these cells is in the skin, gut, and eye. Melanoma is a rare kind of skin cancer, although it causes 75% of skin cancer deaths. Melanocytes create melanin, a dark pigment, in the skin. Despite years of lab and clinical research, early surgical removal of tiny cancers remains the most successful treatment. The deadliest skin cancer is melanoma. Skin melanocytes are involved. Melanocytes produce skin pigment melanin. Melanin protects skin against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Skin cancer is the most common form in the United States. When diagnosed early, skin cancer can be treated with topical medications, office therapies, or outpatient surgery. Dermatologists treat skin disorders and conditions. Skin cancer causes less than 1% of cancer fatalities. Detection and treatment of melanoma in its early stages are typically curable. Once melanoma spreads further into the skin or other organs, it becomes incurable and potentially lethal. Early detection of melanoma in the United States is anticipated to result in a 5-year survival rate of roughly 99%.

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“…Cost of treatment for skin cancer in NZ in 2021 is estimated at NZ$181 million. 23 Cost for sunburn/UVR related claims to the ACC over the past five years are approximately A$6.3 Million (Letter: S Wood, Manager Official Information Act Services Government Engagement & Support, 24 Aug 2021).…”

Section: Economic Burden Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

What can Aotearoa New Zealand learn from the Australian Sunsmart Story? A qualitative study

McNoe

Gage

Signal

2022

Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health

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Objective: To explore the views of stakeholders in Australia concerning skin cancer primary prevention and identify successful strategies used that may be translatable to other jurisdictions. Methods:In-depth stakeholder interviews with experts engaged in skin cancer prevention advocacy and action in Australia.Results: A number of important facilitators were identified including: the use of good scientific evidence (including economic), strong leadership, legislation and strategic documents, engaging the media particularly with the use of personal stories and garnering public support. A number of barriers were also identified including: a lack of funding (particularly nationally), variation by state, apathy and the long latency of skin cancer. Conclusions:Advocates identified a number of key strategies that were used to gain momentum in achieving Australia's comprehensive Sunsmart program. These included: strong leadership, legislation including that banning solaria and workplace health and safety legislation, a critical mass of key advocates from a range of disciplines including clinicians and patients, and the advantageous use of media to drive change. Implications for public health:Australia demonstrates what can be achieved when skin cancer prevention is taken seriously. The challenge for other nations is to apply the lessons learnt in Australia to our own jurisdictions.

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Estimated Healthcare Costs of Melanoma and Keratinocyte Skin Cancers in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand in 2021

Cited by 27 publications

References 38 publications

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

The effects of exposure to solar radiation on human health

Melanoma Epidemiology: Symptoms, Causes, and Preventions

What can Aotearoa New Zealand learn from the Australian Sunsmart Story? A qualitative study

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