Estimated Equilibrated Dietary Intakes for Nine Minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) Adjusted by Mineral Balance Medians in Young Japanese Females

Nishimuta, Mamoru; Kodama, Naoko; Shimada, Mieko; Yoshitake, Yutaka; Matsuzaki, Nobue; Morikuni, Eiko

doi:10.3177/jnsv.58.118

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…A series of studies addressing Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn was conducted in Japan and have been collectively analysed on several occasions (Kodama et al., ; Nishimuta et al., , , , ). Nishimuta et al.…”

Section: Criteria (Endpoints) On Which To Base Dietary Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nishimuta et al. () calculated the ‘estimated equilibrated dietary intakes (EEDI)’ for sodium (the intercept of a linear regression equation between intake and balance) using data from 13 ‘balance’ studies conducted in young Japanese women (n = 131, 18–26 years). Daily sodium intake, assessed through duplicate diet samples, ranged between 2.5 g (107 mmol) and 4.8 g (209 mmol).…”

Section: Criteria (Endpoints) On Which To Base Dietary Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…() 25 M (18–40 years) Controlled 25°C + 40°C 3 day + 5 day Low = 1.5 g (65 mmol)/day Mod = 4 g (174 mmol)/day High = 8 g (348 mmol)/day On day 8 +0.04 ± 0.35 g +0.79 ± 0.64 g +0.67 ± 1.19 g Aldosterone ↑/↑ Aldosterone –/↑ Aldosterone –/– –Nishimuta et al. () 131 F (18–26 years) (13 studies) Controlled2–4 day + 8–12 day2.5 g (107 mmol)‐4.8 g (209 mmol)/day+6.07 ± 4.06 mg/kg bwNot measuredSweat loss in five studies only Data in children Palacios et al. ()36 adolescent girls (14 W, 22 B; 12.4 ± 0.3 years)Semi‐controlled.…”

Section: Appendix F – Balance Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary reference values for sodium

Turck

Castenmiller²,

Henauw

et al. 2019

EFS2

109

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) derived dietary reference values (DRVs) for sodium. Evidence from balance studies on sodium and on the relationship between sodium intake and health outcomes, in particular cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related endpoints and bone health, was reviewed. The data were not sufficient to enable an average requirement (AR) or population reference intake (PRI) to be derived. However, by integrating the available evidence and associated uncertainties, the Panel considers that a sodium intake of 2.0 g/day represents a level of sodium for which there is sufficient confidence in a reduced risk of CVD in the general adult population. In addition, a sodium intake of 2.0 g/day is likely to allow most of the general adult population to maintain sodium balance. Therefore, the Panel considers that 2.0 g sodium/day is a safe and adequate intake for the general EU population of adults. The same value applies to pregnant and lactating women. Sodium intakes that are considered safe and adequate for children are extrapolated from the value for adults, adjusting for their respective energy requirement and including a growth factor, and are as follows: 1.1 g/day for children aged 1-3 years, 1.3 g/day for children aged 4-6 years, 1.7 g/day for children aged 7-10 years and 2.0 g/day for children aged 11-17 years, respectively. For infants aged 7-11 months, an Adequate Intake (AI) of 0.2 g/day is proposed based on upwards extrapolation of the estimated sodium intake in exclusively breast-fed infants aged 0-6 months. SummaryFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on dietary reference values (DRVs) for the European population, including sodium.Sodium (Na + ) is the dominant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of the body. The functions of sodium lie in its participation in the control of the volume and systemic distribution of total body water; enabling the cellular uptake of solutes; and the generation via interactions with potassium of transmembrane electrochemical potentials.Dietary sodium deficiency is rare in healthy European populations. Sodium chloride and other sodium salts are ubiquitous in the diet, and there are adaptive physiological mechanisms that reduce the losses of sodium in urine, faeces and sweat at low levels of sodium intake. Sodium chloride added during industrial food processing and discretionary use or food preservation is the major source of dietary sodium in Western diets. Other sources of sodium include inherently native sources and sodium-containing food additives, in which sodium may be associated with anions other than chloride.In healthy people, almost all dietary sodium is absorbed, even at very high level of intake. Following absorption, sodium ions are distributed by portal and systemic circulations, where their concentrations are maintained within a narrow range. Up to 95% o...

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Section: Criteria (Endpoints) On Which To Base Dietary Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Criteria (Endpoints) On Which To Base Dietary Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Appendix F – Balance Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Dietary reference values for sodium

Turck

Castenmiller²,

Henauw

et al. 2019

EFS2

109

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show abstract

“…Nishimuta et al. () applied a similar approach to data from 13 balance studies conducted on young Japanese women (n = 131, 18–26 years). As the median of the potassium balance distribution was found to be positive, the authors adjusted the individual data to set the median value to zero, under the assumption that the positive balance was due to the fact that some pathways of potassium losses had not been assessed, as regulatory mechanisms would successfully maintain the balance at zero.…”

Section: Criteria (Endpoints) On Which To Base Dietary Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary reference values for potassium

Turck¹,

Bresson²,

Burlingame³

et al. 2016

EFSA Journal

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) derives dietary reference values (DRVs) for potassium. The Panel decides to set DRVs on the basis of the relationships between potassium intake and blood pressure and stroke. The Panel considers that randomised controlled trials and an observational cohort study carried out in a European adult population provide evidence that a potassium intake of 3,500 mg (90 mmol)/day has beneficial effects on blood pressure in adults. Furthermore, there is consistent evidence from observational cohort studies that potassium intakes below 3,500 mg/day are associated with a higher risk of stroke. Available data cannot be used to determine the average requirement of potassium but can be used as a basis for deriving an adequate intake (AI). A potassium intake of 3,500 mg/day is considered adequate for the adult population and an AI of 3,500 mg/day for adult men and women is proposed. For infants and children, the AIs are extrapolated from the AI for adults by isometric scaling and including a growth factor. An AI of 750 mg (19 mmol)/day is set for infants aged 7-11 months. For children, AIs from 800 mg (20 mmol)/day (1-3 years old) to 3,500 mg/day (15-17 years old) are set. Considering that the daily accretion rate of potassium in fetal and maternal tissues can be met by the adaptive changes which maintain potassium homeostasis during pregnancy, the AI set for adults applies to pregnant women. For lactating women, the amount of potassium needed to compensate for the losses of potassium through breast milk is estimated and an AI of 4,000 mg (102 mmol)/day is proposed.

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Nutritional Aspects of Metals and Trace Elements

Yokoi

2014

Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry

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The essential inorganic nutrients are dietary components that exert nutritional function when they are consumed as inorganic substances. Some essential inorganic nutrients such as selenium and iodine act as organic active constituents after metabolic conversion in vivo when they are consumed as organic and inorganic substances. Inadequate intake of essential inorganic nutrients results in deficiency diseases and/or interruption of life cycles. The essential inorganic nutrients consist of the major elements (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, phosphorus, and sulfur) and the trace elements (iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, arsenic, selenium, iodine, fluorine, silicon, boron, tin, cadmium, lead, rubidium, and lithium). Evidence of essentiality is limited for arsenic, boron, cadmium, fluorine, lead, lithium, nickel, rubidium, silicon, tin, and vanadium. If the requirement is <1 mg day −1 for humans or 1 mg kg −1 diet for animals, the inorganic nutrients are called ultratrace elements . Further investigation may increase the number of essential inorganic nutrients. Deficiencies of inorganic nutrients such as iodine, iron, and zinc occur worldwide. To prevent deficiencies and toxicosis, the United States and other nations have established the dietary reference intakes or the equivalents that are composed of reference values including estimated average requirements, recommended dietary allowances, adequate intakes, and tolerable upper intake levels. Essential inorganic nutrients function in vivo through various modalities such as catalytic centers of enzymes, metabolic regulation, modulation of ion channels and receptors. The regulation and control of inorganic nutrients are a function of eight parameters: availability, solubility, permeability, ligand exchange, transport, assimilation, storage, and excretion. Excessive intakes, genetic abnormalities, and other etiologies cause pathologies of metal overload. Functions of selenium, nickel, and chromium were reviewed. Selenium manifests antioxidant activity as an active site of glutathione peroxidase. Other important selenium‐containing proteins include thioredoxin reductase, iodothyronine deiodinases, and selenoprotein P. Nickel occupies the metal centers of urease, carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and other enzymes. Nickel deprivation results in impaired reproduction (rats and goats) and decreased spermatozoa motility and density (rats). In six clinical cases, prolonged total parenteral nutrition low in chromium caused glucose intolerance and/or neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation. It is our challenge to determine optimal intakes of inorganic nutrients for ensuring optimal health for all.

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Estimated Equilibrated Dietary Intakes for Nine Minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) Adjusted by Mineral Balance Medians in Young Japanese Females

Cited by 12 publications

References 13 publications

Dietary reference values for sodium

Dietary reference values for sodium

Dietary reference values for potassium

Nutritional Aspects of Metals and Trace Elements

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