Estimated daily intakes of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) andtert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants in Korea

Abstract

The study was conducted to establish the estimated daily intake (EDI) of antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) in Korea. The EDIs were obtained from two sources. One of the estimations was based on the analytical determination of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in 12 food categories (ten food categories for TBHQ) and on individual dietary intake data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998 (n=11 525, age> 1 year). The other EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ were based on the maximum permitted levels specified in national food standards in Korea and on individual dietary intake data obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Survey in 1998 (n=11 525, age > 1 year). To establish the EDIs based on the analytical determination and on individual dietary intake data, 133 food samples in 12 food categories were selected from the foods considered to be representative sources of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in the Korean diet. Selected samples were analysed by GC with FID. BHA was not detected in any of the samples analysed. BHT and TBHQ were detected in the samples, but the levels were significantly lower than their maximum limits. The EDIs1 of BHT, and TBHQ for average consumers were 0.0156(-3), and 0.0012(-3) mg kg(-1) body weight bw day(-1) and as a proportion of the ADI were 0.0052 and 0.0002%, respectively. For 95th percentile consumers, the EDIs of BHT and TBHQ were 0.0080 and 0.0006 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), and as a proportion of the ADI were 2.67 and 0.09%, respectively. EDIs for BHA, BHT and TBHQ based on the maximum permitted levels and on individual dietary intake data were 0.04, 0.04 and 0.04 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1), respectively. The EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ for average consumers ranged from 6.00 to 14.42% of the ADI of each antioxidant. According to these results, the EDIs of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in Korea were significantly lower than ADI of these antioxidants established by the JECFA.

Evaluation of natural and synthetic compounds according to their antioxidant activity using a multivariate approach

“…However, the use of these synthetic compounds has shown potential health risks in animal models, and consumers have become increasingly aware of artificial additives listed on food labels [9][10][11]. For these reasons, many studies have sought to replace artificial antioxidants with those prepared from natural sources, or even to reduce the amount of antioxidants in food by creating effective mixtures that take advantage of synergies between different components [2,8,12].…”

Estimation of Food Additive Intake—Overview of the Methodology

“…(49,50) Studies in Korea and Brazil, maximum permissible levels (MPLs) given by regulatory authority of that country were used as antioxidant concentrations in foodstuffs. (51,52) In all three studies, the intake of antioxidants was found to be below the ADI. ADI for BHT was exceeded only in case of high consumers.…”

Tertiary-Butylhydroquinone Upregulates Expression of ATP-Binding Cassette Transporter A1 via Nuclear Factor E2-Related Factor 2/Heme Oxygenase-1 Signaling in THP-1 Macrophage-Derived Foam Cells

“…26 Many studies have reported the important role of tBHQ as a dietary antioxidant in preventing oxidative damage caused by active oxygen radicals in living systems. [27][28][29] Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in atherogenesis through different mechanisms, including oxidative stress and inflammation, which can be reduced by antioxidants. 30 Recent research suggests that a tBHQ diet increases the expression of LDL-related protein-1, a multi ligand endocytotic receptor involved in transporting amyloid-beta peptide out of the brain.…”