Estimate of undiscovered copper resources of the world, 2013

Integrated Modelling of the Global Cobalt Extraction, Supply, Price and Depletion of Extractable Resources Using the WORLD6 Model

“…An estimate of 7.5 million ton for the cobalt reserve, and 13 million ton cobalt in the reserves base, total about 20.5 million ton cobalt in all (average content 0.36%). Their justification for this estimate is available in the USGS website (Johnson et al 2014;USGS 2015). 3.…”

“…Both Mudd et al (2013b) and (USGS 2015;Slack et al 2010) include ocean seabed cobalt crusts, but they evaluated the crust cobalt content very differently. The studies of the USGS are among the most valuable sources of information due to their wide scope, long term perspective and large degree of consistency (Shedd 2002(Shedd , 2012Papp et al 2008;Slack et al 2010;Berger et al 2011;Newman 2011;Johnson et al 2014;USGS 2015USGS , 2014. The most recent USGS estimate is for cobalt detected in deposits, but with no serious assessment of extractability.…”

Bioelectrochemical metal recovery with microbial fuel cells

“…These compounds are pollutants that should be oxidized or be removed from the wastewaters. One example is by Sulonen et al (2016) 136 who demonstrated the long-term electricity production by bacteria able to oxidize tetrathionate (S 4 In this work, the oxidation of thiosulphates was coupled to the reduction of Fe 3+ , and being used in bioremediation while producing cell voltage of 105 mV.…”

“…For sulfate reducers it has been shown that the presence of organic compounds like lactate boosts the growth of the biomass increasing the activity of sulfate reducers (6g SO 4 2-/L per day to 7.5 g SO 4 2-/L per day) and acetogens, while the presence of an excess of bicarbonate enhances methanogenesis 92,93 . Furthermore, Visser (1995) observed that at increasing organic COD concentrations, e.g.…”

“…The before mentioned scarcity is responsible for the rise in copper price from 3000$/ton in December 2008 to its historical maximum of 8200$/ton in February 2013 3 . 2500 million tons of new ores have been estimated based on geological data and estimation models by Johnson et al (2014) 4 . However, as many other authors defend most of these materials are not accessible for mining purposes.To attend the global demand, which is rated around 20 million tons per year, we should find alternatives.…”