Esthesiometric evaluation of corneal analgesia after topical application of 1% morphine sulfate in normal horses

Gordon, Emma; Sandquist, Christy; Cebra, Christopher K.; Heidel, Jerry R.; Poulsen, Keith P.; Schlipf, John W.

doi:10.1111/vop.12494

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Corneal esthesiometry was performed with a Luneau Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer (Western Ophthalmics) to quantify central corneal sensitivity using a technique previously described. [12][13][14] Briefly, the instrument's nylon filament was fully extended to 60 mm, and the tip applied at a perpendicular orientation to the central cornea creating a slight bend to the filament. This was repeated five times each at the same length.…”

Section: Ta B L Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Retrobulbar lidocaine injection via the supraorbital fossa is safe in adult horses but produces regionally variable periocular anaesthesia

Yang

Eaton

Harmelink

et al. 2021

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Background Injection techniques for retrobulbar anaesthesia are published in horses, but neither safety nor anaesthetic efficacy and duration have been evaluated objectively in vivo. Objective To characterise the safety and efficacy of one published technique for retrobulbar anaesthesia. Study design Randomised, controlled descriptive experiment. Methods Unilateral retrobulbar injection with 10 mL lidocaine (2%) was performed in eight sedated adult mares. Contralateral eyes served as untreated controls. Neurophthalmic parameters, intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal and periocular sensation were measured awake, post‐sedation and at periodic time points for 24 hours following injection. Adverse effects were documented. Results Injection of 10 mL lidocaine significantly increased IOP for up to 2 hours (P < .05) maximally at 30 min (mean [95% CI]: 6.0 [2.7, 9.2] mm Hg, P < .001). Six of the eight treated eyes developed mild to moderate reversible chemosis for 2 to 24 hours. One eye developed severe chemosis and superficial corneal ulceration at 24 and 48 hours following injection respectively. Corneal sensitivity significantly decreased for 6 hours (P < .05), maximally at 10 min (−44.4 [−34.6, −54.1] mm, P < .001). Periocular sensitivity (measured as increase in applied force) significantly decreased dorsally and medially for up to 2 hours (maximal at 2 hours (367.1 [238.5, 495.7] g, P < .001, and at 30 min: 345.8 [202.6, 488.9] g, P < .001) respectively). Ventral and lateral sensitivity were not effectively decreased beyond 30 min. Optic nerve function was not consistently reduced following injection. Main limitations Investigators were not masked to the treated eye. Conclusions Retrobulbar injection using 10 mL lidocaine is safe in normal eyes of adult horses, but carries risk in structurally compromised or glaucomatous eyes due to transient IOP increase. Reversible chemosis commonly develops 2‐4h following injection, and may be severe in some horses with risk for corneal ulceration. Corneal anaesthesia is rapid and prolonged, but all periocular regions are not consistently anaesthetised. Retrobulbar injection should be combined with other local anaesthetic injections for eyelid surgeries or enucleations.

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Section: Ta B L Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Retrobulbar lidocaine injection via the supraorbital fossa is safe in adult horses but produces regionally variable periocular anaesthesia

Yang

Eaton

Harmelink

et al. 2021

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…Morphine, hydromorphone, butorphanol or buprenorphine can all be used [ 89 ]. Topical preservative free morphine can be used for severe ophthalmic pain [ 92 ].…”

Section: Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses

Flood

Stewart

2022

Animals

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Effective pain management in horses can be a challenge despite the understanding that appropriate analgesia improves animal welfare and increases treatment success. The administration of NSAID drugs, particularly phenylbutazone and flunixin, are common practice in equine veterinary patients. Known for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, NSAIDs are used for the treatment of a variety of conditions in horses, from gastrointestinal to orthopedic pain. Despite extensive usage, NSAIDs have a narrow margin of safety and the body of literature documenting the efficacy and side effects of different NSAIDs is broad. The three main side effects associated with excessive or prolonged NSAID usage in horses include gastroduodenal ulceration, right dorsal colitis (RDC) and renal papillary necrosis. The use of cyclooxygenase-2 selective NSAIDS, such as firocoxib, are theoretically safer. The aim of this paper is to review the current literature on the use and efficacy of different NSAIDs, summarise the associated side effects of NSAID usage and evaluate the current state of knowledge for the diagnosis and treatment of such toxicities.

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Anesthetic Management for Ocular Interventions

Martins¹,

Martin‐Flores²

2022

Equine Anesthesia and Co‐Existing Disease

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Esthesiometric evaluation of corneal analgesia after topical application of 1% morphine sulfate in normal horses

Abstract: Topical ophthalmic 1% morphine sulfate did not have a clinically significant analgesic effect on the corneal touch threshold of intact healthy equine corneas.

Cited by 7 publications

References 34 publications

Retrobulbar lidocaine injection via the supraorbital fossa is safe in adult horses but produces regionally variable periocular anaesthesia

Retrobulbar lidocaine injection via the supraorbital fossa is safe in adult horses but produces regionally variable periocular anaesthesia

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Associated Toxicities in Horses

Anesthetic Management for Ocular Interventions

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