Esters from the Reactions of Alkyl Halides and Salts of Carboxylic Acids. Comprehensive Study of Amine Catalysis

Kinetics of the phase-transfer synthesis of benzyl esters using tertiary amines

“…Reuben and Sjoberg (1981) stated that poison occurred in the phase-transfer catalytic reaction if the catalyst or reactants contained iodide ion. In contrast to this viewpoint, Hennis et al (1967Hennis et al ( ,1968 stated that the iodide ion played the cocatalytic role. In our earlier studies, the so-called "iodide ion effect" was investigated in detail in the synthesis of benzyl benzoate (Chang et al, 1983(Chang et al, ,1984, benzyl phenyl ether (Yeh et al, 1985) and benzyl n-butyl phthalate (Yeh et al, 1988).…”

Preparation of Sorbitol Palmitate by Organic Catalysis and Its Application for Base Oil Stabilization

“…The preparation of SPT from alkyl carboxylates depends on the rate of quaternization relative halides and aqueous sodium (Figure 4). According to Hennis [9], the rate can be determined according to the following: N(Et) 4 Br + R-X -------------- show that the viscosity and total acid number increase slightly over time during oxidation. These data confirm that the addition of SPT retards hydrocarbon degradation and the increasing of the oil viscosity with time.…”

“…Transesterification can be catalysed by both acids and bases, with the latter usually proceeding at much faster rates [7]. Aqueous solutions of sodium alkanoates will react with alkyl halides in a second phase provided an amine is added as a catalyst [8,9]. Hennis [9] showed that the catalyst must have at least one moderately long alkyl group to function well.…”

“…Aqueous solutions of sodium alkanoates will react with alkyl halides in a second phase provided an amine is added as a catalyst [8,9]. Hennis [9] showed that the catalyst must have at least one moderately long alkyl group to function well. The poor nucleophilicity of acetate ion toward various substrates in condensed systems has been attributed to a combination of polarizability, basicity, and solvation factors.…”

Synthesis and adrenergic .beta.-blocking activity of some 1,3-benzodioxole derivatives

“…l-(l,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(imidazolin-2-yl)aminoethanol (8). A solution of S-methylethyleneisothiourea hydrochloride (16 g) in MeOH (100 ml) was added to a stirred solution of 1-(1,3benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-aminoethanol (12.8 g) in MeOH (50 ml) at 40 °C.…”