Esterification of succinic anhydride to di-(p-cresyl) succinate over Mn+-montmorillonite clay catalysts

Production of fatty acid esters from stearic, oleic, and palmitic acids and short-chain alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol) for the production of biodiesel was investigated in this work. A series of montmorillonite-based clays catalysts (KSF, KSF/0, KP10, and K10) were used as acidic catalysts. The influence of the specific surface area and the acidity of the catalysts on the esterification rate were investigated. The best catalytic activities were obtained with KSF/0 catalyst. The esterification reaction has been carried out efficiently in a semi-continuous reactor at 150°C temperature higher than the boiling points of water and alcohol. The reactor used enabled the continuous removal of water and esterification with hydrated alcohol (ethanol 95%) without affecting the original activity of the clay.

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“…The use of such catalysts has many inconvenients that include corrosion, loss of catalyst and environmental problems [5,6].…”

Section: Open Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esterification of Fatty Acids with Short-Chain Alcohols over Commercial Acid Clays in a Semi-Continuous Reactor

2009

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“…Various methods were proposed to determine the solid acidity of montmorillonite (Adams and Mccabe, 2006;Akcay, 2005;Belkhadem et al, 2008;Breen, 1991a,b;Breen et al, 1995;Flessner et al, 2001;Frenkel, 1974;Janek, and Lagaly, 2001;Neaman et al, 2003;Ravindra Reddy et al, 2007;Reddy et al, 2009;Singh et al, 2007;Tyagi et al, 2006;Wei et al, 2006) based on the solid acid-base theory (Tanabe, 1989). Hammett indicators (Adams and Mccabe, 2006;Benesi, 1957;Walling, 1950), n-butylamine back titration (Reddy et al, 2005), and microcalorimetry (Breen, 1991a,b;Jerónimo et al, 2007) were used to determine the amount of acid sites. The temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of basic gas molecules (Adams and Mccabe, 2006;Arena et al, 1998;Azzouz et al, 2006;Okada et al, 2006) and the Hammett indicator technique (Benesi, 1957;Walling, 1950) were used to estimate the acid strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of heating on the solid acidity of montmorillonite: A combined study by DRIFT and Hammett indicators

Liu

Yuan

Liu

et al. 2011

Applied Clay Science

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“…MMT is a layered aluminosilicates clay mineral that can be classified [9][10][11][12]. Cation exchanged MMT has been used for esterification of short to medium chain carboxylic acids such as succinic acid [13], propionic acid [14], ethanoic acid, butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, octanoic acid and decanoic acid [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esterification of oleic acid with alcohols over Cu-MMT K10 and Fe-MMT K10 as acid catalysts

Harun

Jihadi

Ramli

et al. 2018

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Abstract. The esterification of free fatty acids with alcohols using montmorillonite (MMT) clay as heterogeneous catalyst is one of the methods to produce fatty acid alkyl ester that can be used as alternative renewable biofuels. However, the unmodified MMT gives low conversion of free fatty due to the limitation of acid sites in the clay structure. This work focuses on preparation of an environmental friendly catalyst from montmorillonite K10 (MMT K10) clay catalyst for the esterification of oleic acid with various alcohols. Esterification of oleic acid with alcohols has been carried out in the presence of metal exchanged MMT K10 (M-MMT K10; M = Fe 3+ and Cu 2+ ). The concentrations of both Fe 3+ and Cu 2+ precursors were varied at 1 M and 4 M. The effect of different alcohols used, molar ratio of reactants and catalyst loading on the esterification reaction was investigated. Among the exchanged clay catalysts, 4 M Fe-MMT K10 was found to be more active for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol. The maximum oleic acid conversion (ca. 68.5%) was achieved after 3 hours of reaction at the reaction temperature of 60 o C with molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 10:1 and catalyst loading of 5 wt% relative to the mass of oleic acid. The catalytic activity was found to be directly related to the amount of cation used in the modification step and Brønsted acidity of metal exchanged MMT K10 clay catalyst.

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Esterification of succinic anhydride to di-(p-cresyl) succinate over Mn+-montmorillonite clay catalysts

Cited by 36 publications

References 20 publications

Esterification of Fatty Acids with Short-Chain Alcohols over Commercial Acid Clays in a Semi-Continuous Reactor

Esterification of Fatty Acids with Short-Chain Alcohols over Commercial Acid Clays in a Semi-Continuous Reactor

Influence of heating on the solid acidity of montmorillonite: A combined study by DRIFT and Hammett indicators

Esterification of oleic acid with alcohols over Cu-MMT K10 and Fe-MMT K10 as acid catalysts

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