Esterification of stearic acid with lower monohydroxylic alcohols

Abstract

Article Highlights • The highest content of fatty acid was converted to ester with primary alcohols • Secondary and tertiary alcohols and alcohols with branched chains react more slowly • The presence of the double bond in unsaturated fatty acids reduces the conversion of acid to ester • The increase of the molar ratio of acid/alcohol increases the speed and yield • The increase of the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol decreases activation energy

Simulation, optimization, and economic analysis of process to obtain esters from fatty acids

“…Other authors have also reported similarities in the final conversion for the esterification of various fatty acids under different conditions 28–30 . The use of acid oil was also investigated in another study, 22 and it showed very similar behavior compared with the results obtained with the same three fatty acids investigated in this study, which corroborates the conclusions detailed here considering the possible influence of other acids present in the oil.…”

“…Esterification reactions carried out with no catalyst under similar conditions as those reported here are also available in the literature, 22 and under the conditions tested, without a catalyst, the reaction did not occur at all. Furthermore, other authors have reported the influence of sulfuric acid concentration on the conversion under different conditions 19,28,32 . In these studies, the amount of catalyst plays a considerable role in the esterification reaction, as found in the study reported here.…”

“…Furthermore, other authors have reported the influence of sulfuric acid concentration on the conversion under different conditions. 19,28,32 In these studies, the amount of catalyst plays a considerable role in the esterification reaction, as found in the study reported here.…”

“…Other authors have also reported similarities in the final conversion for the esterification of various fatty acids under different conditions. [28][29][30] The use of acid oil was also investigated in another study, 22 and it showed very similar Figure 1. Esterification reaction conversions using different fatty acids at 60 °C, 9:1 ethanol/acid ratio and catalyst concentration of 0.33 wt% obtained in this study (9:1 ethanol / water ratio), and in a study by Murad 19 (anhydrous ethanol).…”

Kinetic Study of Homogeneous Catalyzed Esterification of a Series of Aliphatic Acids with Different Alcohols

“…Figure a–c reveals that the reactivity of a series of acids with different alcohols only marginally depends on the physical property, that is, solubility and boiling point of different alcohols ( n -propanol, isopropanol, and n -butanol, respectively) instead of chemical property (steric hindrance and inductive effect) at the same temperature. Hence the curves (a–c) in Figure seem be identical for the esterification of a series of acids with all alcohols ( n -propanol, isopropanol, and n -butanol, respectively) …”