Esterification of stearic acid using novel protonated and crosslinked amidoximated polyacrylonitrile ion exchange fibres

Optimization of the catalytic production of methyl stearate by applying response surface Box–Behnken design: an intensified green option for high-cetane biofuel manufacture

“…1b) is clearly noticed by the signal appearing at 3.67 ppm, which is ascribed to the protons of the methoxy group (s, 3H –OCH 3 )−1*, thereby evidencing the presence of a methyl ester. 15,20…”

“…1b) is clearly noticed by the signal appearing at 3.67 ppm, which is ascribed to the protons of the methoxy group (s, 3H -OCH 3 )−1*, thereby evidencing the presence of a methyl ester. 15,20 Graphical assessment of the main effects and interactions A qualitative valuation of the main effects of the individual DoE factors and the possible two-way interactions was done by the visual inspection of the so-called main effect and interaction graphs. Built using the available raw experimental results, these graphs provide valuable information to have an initial view of the relative magnitude and nature of the various treatments in the BBD.…”

“…Concerning MST production, it is well known that this alkyl ester can be synthesized via the esterication of stearic acid (SA) with methanol following homogeneous, heterogeneous, or enzymatic routes; however, the number of reports dealing with the synthesis of MST is scarce contrasting to what is found for other alkyl esters. Regarding the heterogeneous route for MST production, some catalysts including montmorillonite-based clays, [8][9][10][11] Amberlyst-15, 12 Nb 2 O 5 , 13 tin zirconium oxide, 14 amidoximated polyacrylonitrile ion exchange bres, 15 carbon-based catalyst 16 and sulfated ZrO 2 -SiO 2 (ref. 17) have been tested.…”

Transesterification reaction of tristearin (TS) & glycerol mono stearate (GMS) over surface basified PAN fibrous solid catalyst

“…The FTIR assignments of the ion exchange PANF can be found in Table 4 and as indicated in previous papers. 23,44 In short, the groups present on the ion exchange PAN consist of amidoximes (CN–OH) and hydrazines (C–NH–NH 2 ) Scheme 1.…”

“…The following method of data manipulation was also used: Baseline correction, spectrum scaling and smoothing (2 × 25 smoothing points) and a final baseline correction and scaling. 23…”