Esterification of Levulinic Acid to n-Butyl Levulinate Over Various Acidic Zeolites

Maheria, Kalpana C.; Koziński, Janusz A.; Dalai, Ajay K.

doi:10.1007/s10562-013-1041-3

Cited by 103 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, excessive dilution in the reaction system may reduce the frequency of collision [38] and flood the active sites of catalyst [39], thereby restricting a further increase in conversion. A similar phenomenon was observed by Maheria et al [22] in the esterification catalyzed by zeolites. In the present case, the n-butanol to LA molar ratio of 5 was observed to be an optimum.…”

Section: Effect Of Reactant Molar Ratio and Catalyst Loading Over Gc400supporting

confidence: 86%

“…Dharne et al [21] has claimed that 97% conversion of LA could be obtained using H 3 PW 12 O 40 /K10 catalyst in the esterification of LA and n-butanol, but the activity suffered a drastic decrease after the third run due to the leaching of heteropolyacid from supports. Maheria et al [22] has reported at a higher temperature of 393 K and a higher n-butanol ratio of 7:1, 82.2% conversion of LA could be obtained on H-BEA zeolite. It is also reported by Cirujano et al [24] that LA was almost quantitatively converted to esters on Zr-containing metal-organic frameworks formed by either terephthalate or 2-aminoterephthalate ligands.…”

Section: Merits Of the Present Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, the literature on the synthesis of BL via the esterification of LA are sparse. Several types of solid acids such as supported montmorillonite [21], zeolites [22,23], metal-organic frameworks [24], Al-MCM-41 [25], ion-exchange resins [26,27], graphene oxide [28] and immobilized lipase [29] have been utilized in the esterification of LA with n-butanol. Surprisingly, the catalysis with amorphous carbon materials to produce BL has not been explored before.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Catalysts

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Abstract:The aim of this study was to develop an effective carbonaceous solid acid for synthesizing green fuel additive through esterification of lignocellulose-derived levulinic acid (LA) and n-butanol. Two different sulfonated carbons were prepared from glucose-derived amorphous carbon (GC400) and commercial active carbon (AC400). They were contrastively studied by a series of characterizations (N 2 adsorption, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and NH 3 temperature programmed desorption). The results indicated that GC400 possessed stronger acidity and higher -SO 3 H density than AC400, and the amorphous structure qualified GC400 for good swelling capacity in the reaction solution. Assessment experiments showed that GC400 displayed remarkably higher catalytic efficiency than AC400 and other typical solid acids (HZSM-5, Hβ, Amberlyst-15 and Nafion-212 resin). Up to 90.5% conversion of LA and 100% selectivity of n-butyl levulinate could be obtained on GC400 under the optimal reaction conditions. The sulfonated carbon retained 92% of its original catalytic activity even after five cycles.

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Section: Effect Of Reactant Molar Ratio and Catalyst Loading Over Gc400supporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Merits Of the Present Methodsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2018

Catalysts

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“…As it was the case with the production of EL discussed in the previous section, the Zr-MOFs remained intact after the reaction and can be recovered and reused without significant loss of catalytic activity for at least 3 catalytic cycles ( Table 2, entries 2 and 4). To put these catalytic results in context, note that the Zr-MOFs are much more active than protonic zeolites (Table 2, entries 5-8) (Maheria et al, 2013) and practically as active (though at higher catalyst loading) as Keggin-type heteropolyacids supported on acid-treated montmorillonite K10 under analogous reaction conditions (Table 2, …”

Section: Production Of N-butyl Levulinate: Esterification Of Levulinimentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of levulinic acid into chemicals: Synthesis of biomass derived levulinate esters over Zr-containing MOFs

Cirujano

Corma

Xamena

2015

Chemical Engineering Science

239

134

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Zr-containing metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) formed by terephthalate and 2-aminoterephthalate ligands (UiO-66-NH 2 ) are active and stable catalysts for the acid catalyzed esterification of levulinic acid with EtOH, n-BuOH and long-chain biomass derived alcohols, with activities comparable (in some cases superior) to other solid acid catalysts previously reported. The effect of functional group substitution at the ligand benzene ring, alcohol chain length, particle size and contents of defects on the catalytic activity of the MOFs are studied in detail. In UiO-66-NH 2 , a dual acid-base activation mechanism is proposed, in which levulinic acid is activated on Zr sites and the alcohol at the amino groups of the ligand. Large variations of the catalytic activity from batch to batch suggest that the active sites are located at defect positions associated to ligand deficiency of the solid. Particle size seems to have a minor impact only in UiO-66-NH 2 , in which diffusion of levulinic acid is somehow hindered due to the amino groups present in the linkers.

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“…However, some of the major problems limiting the application of phosphotungstic acid in industry include their low surface areas and difficulty of separation from reaction mixtures (Sawant et al 2007;Maheria et al 2013). Recently, Chen et al (2014b) reported that a high EL yield was obtained from fructose by making use of ionic liquidbased polyoxometalat salts; however, the cost of the catalyst was quite expensive, which may limit its industrial application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Production of Ethyl Levulinate from Carbohydrates Catalyzed by H-ZSM-5 Supported Phosphotungstic Acid

Zhao¹,

Xu²,

Chang³

et al. 2015

BioResources

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A series of supported phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40, HPW) catalysts, including HPW/β, HPW/Sn-β, HPW/H-Y, HPW/H-ZSM-5, HPW/USY, HPW/ReUSY, and HPW/SBA-15, were prepared using an impregnation method for alcoholysis of fructose to ethyl levulinate in ethanol. Among these catalysts, HPW/H-ZSM-5 showed the highest catalytic activity, and the yield of ethyl levulinate from fructose increased with increasing phosphotungstic acid loading. The yield of ethyl levulinate reached 43.1% at 160 °C for 2 h over 20 wt.% HPW/H-ZSM-5, and the solid catalyst could be reused at least three times. EL yields of 19.1%, 27.3%, 37.4%, and 8.7% could be obtained from glucose, sucrose, inulin, and cellulose, respectively. Furthermore, the catalysts were characterized by BET surface area, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. HPW/H-ZSM-5 showed good catalytic activity for the direct production of ethyl levulinate from fructose.

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Esterification of Levulinic Acid to n-Butyl Levulinate Over Various Acidic Zeolites

Cited by 103 publications

References 22 publications

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Efficient Production of N-Butyl Levulinate Fuel Additive from Levulinic Acid Using Amorphous Carbon Enriched with Oxygenated Groups

Conversion of levulinic acid into chemicals: Synthesis of biomass derived levulinate esters over Zr-containing MOFs

Direct Production of Ethyl Levulinate from Carbohydrates Catalyzed by H-ZSM-5 Supported Phosphotungstic Acid

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