Esterification of levulinic acid to butyl levulinate over TiO2/WO3/SO42−: optimization and kinetic study

Sharieff, Saddam; Veluturla, Sravanthi; Kottam, Nagaraju; Smrithi, S. P.; Singhvi, Rahul

doi:10.1007/s13399-023-04016-z

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Conventional approaches, such as acid catalysis, gasification and pyrolysis etc., for the breakage of the linkages in the lignin, typically require harsh conditions and elevate energy consumption, and in addition the cleavage to be non-selective [2] , [7] . Generally, two steps approaches like peroxidation and then cleavage of β -O-4 linkages of lignin depolymerization may be executed under mild conditions, but this approach requires additional oxidizing/reducing agents or acid/base, which leads to the formation of a higher amount of byproducts and hazardous wastes [9] , [10] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective (sono)photocatalytic cleavage of lignin-inspired β–O–4 linkages to phenolics by ultrasound derived 1-D titania nanomaterials

Qayyum,

Giannakoudakis,

Łomot

et al. 2024

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective (sono)photocatalytic cleavage of lignin-inspired β–O–4 linkages to phenolics by ultrasound derived 1-D titania nanomaterials

Qayyum,

Giannakoudakis,

Łomot

et al. 2024

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry

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“…LAEs can be industrially used as polymer plasticizers, fragrances, and green solvents [3–6] . The recent literature has proposed several synthetic routes for LAEs [4–13] . For example, LAEs can be produced directly from the catalytic transformation of carbohydrates or raw biomass but with low efficiency and harsh conditions [7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, LAEs can be produced directly from the catalytic transformation of carbohydrates or raw biomass but with low efficiency and harsh conditions [7] . The direct esterification of levulinic acid with alcohol remains the most investigated strategy to synthesize LAEs over acid catalysts [6–10] . However, the esterification reaction is governed by the thermodynamic equilibrium law.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5][6] The recent literature has proposed several synthetic routes for LAEs. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] For example, LAEs can be produced directly from the catalytic transformation of carbohydrates or raw biomass but with low efficiency and harsh conditions. [7] The direct esterification of levulinic acid with alcohol remains the most investigated strategy to synthesize LAEs over acid catalysts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[7] The direct esterification of levulinic acid with alcohol remains the most investigated strategy to synthesize LAEs over acid catalysts. [6][7][8][9][10] However, the esterification reaction is governed by the thermodynamic equilibrium law. Water removal and a great excess of alcohol are often required to improve the productivity, and therefore, the subsequent energy-intensive product separation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trifloaluminate Ionic Liquids Supported UIO‐67 as Lewis Acidic Catalyst for Excellent Synthesis of Alkyl Levulinates

Ahmad,

Zhao,

Hussain

2023

ChemistrySelect

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Herein, levulinate acid esters (LAEs) were efficiently synthesized from the α‐angelica lactone (α‐AL) esterification with trifloaluminate ionic liquids supported UIO‐67 MOF as Lewis acidic catalyst. A series of UIO‐67 catalysts with varied trifloaluminate ionic liquids loading were prepared via the post‐modification method and exhibited excellent catalytic activity for α‐AL esterification. Remarkable α‐AL conversion (100 %) and LAEs selectivity (>99 %) were achieved by UIO‐67 catalysts (0.2 mol %) with 12.4 %, trifloaluminate ionic liquids loading (UIO‐67‐TFA) at 70 °C and 90 min. The UIO‐67‐TFA catalyst can be reused at least 5 cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity. The UIO‐67‐TFA catalysts were fully characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, TGA, IR, N2 physisorption, etc. The results indicated that the well‐distributed active trifloaluminate Lewis acid catalytic sites, high BET surface area, and good thermal stability could contribute to its excellent catalytic activity.

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Single Step Transformation of Urea into Metal-Free g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Nanoflakes for Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye

Nikitha,

Kottam,

Smrithi

et al. 2024

jmmf

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The danger that dyes pose to the biosphere is a worry for the entire planet. So, it is essential to remove these colors using the appropriate methods from the aquatic system. The best and most efficient approach for removing colors from water and wastewater is photodegradation utilizing graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4 nanoflakes down the visible light was examined in the current work using crystal violet dye. Due to its high efficiency, visible light radiation is typically used to photodegrade dyes. The environmentally benign molecular precursor urea was employed to initiate a single-step pyrolysis procedure that yielded g-C3N4 nanoflakes. The efficiency of the urea conversion process was determined at 550 °C. X-ray diffraction analysis has confirmed the graphitic phase of the synthesized carbon nitride material. The layered structure of the sp2 hybridized carbon and nitrogen bonding characteristics is confirmed by FT-IR analysis. The synthesized g-C3N4 has a nanosheet like morphology according to HRTEM analysis. g-C3N4 showed enhanced photocatalytic activity resulting in 97 % mineralisation of Crystal Violet (CV) dye and also compared its efficacy with dye concentration. All photocatalytic behavior was analysed by using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer.

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Esterification of levulinic acid to butyl levulinate over TiO2/WO3/SO42−: optimization and kinetic study

Cited by 3 publications

References 40 publications

Selective (sono)photocatalytic cleavage of lignin-inspired β–O–4 linkages to phenolics by ultrasound derived 1-D titania nanomaterials

Selective (sono)photocatalytic cleavage of lignin-inspired β–O–4 linkages to phenolics by ultrasound derived 1-D titania nanomaterials

Trifloaluminate Ionic Liquids Supported UIO‐67 as Lewis Acidic Catalyst for Excellent Synthesis of Alkyl Levulinates

Single Step Transformation of Urea into Metal-Free g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Nanoflakes for Visible-Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Crystal Violet Dye

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