Introduction: Rheumatic Fever (RF) is characterized by being an inflammatory disease that occurs after bacterial tonsillitis caused by Streptococcus and inadequately treated. The infection is clinically presented by fever, sore throat, enlarged lymph nodes and intense redness, red dots or plaques of pus in the throat. The disease can spread to the joints, heart and brain, leaving severe cardiac sequelae with lifelong consequences and possibly leading to death. The disease occurs in outbreaks, if not prevented, and with each outbreak the chance of serious heart damage increases. Although RF can occur at all ages, the 5 to 15 age group is the most affected.Objectives: To carry out a literature review on early diagnosis, treatment and new parameters related to rheumatic heart disease. Literature review: Prevention of the disease is considered relatively easy, and depends solely on the appropriate treatment of tonsillitis, which can be done with the administration of a single dose of benzathine penicillin. However, once RF is established, it can cause severe heart damage, leading to repeated hospitalizations, complex cardiovascular surgery and drug treatment that is difficult to manage, such as the use of anticoagulants for the rest of one's life, influencing the working capacity of patients and their guardians. Final considerations: Early diagnosis of cases of bacterial tonsillitis among school-age children and referral of these suspected cases for the most appropriate treatment is of fundamental importance.