Establishment of the gut microbiota in Western infants

Adlerberth, Ingegerd; Wold, Agnes E.

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01060.x

Cited by 558 publications

(509 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The impact of delivery mode and feeding mode on infant faecal microbiota were unambiguous, and consistent with earlier studies (Adlerberth and Wold, 2009;Bäckhed et al, 2015;Bokulich et al, 2016;Madan et al, 2016). The differences between vaginally delivered and Caesareansection delivered infants are apparent in early days and weeks and diminish with time (Dogra et al, 2015;Stokholm et al, 2016), which may explain the relatively minor effects reported in some studies (Chu et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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Does the maternal vaginal microbiota play a role in seeding the microbiota of neonatal gut and nose?

Sakwińska

Foata

Berger

et al. 2017

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The acquisition and early maturation of infant microbiota is not well understood despite its likely influence on later health. We investigated the contribution of the maternal microbiota to the microbiota of infant gut and nose in the context of mode of delivery and feeding. Using 16S rRNA sequencing and specific qPCR, we profiled microbiota of 42 mother-infant pairs from the GUSTO birth cohort, at body sites including maternal vagina, rectum and skin; and infant stool and nose. In our study, overlap between maternal vaginal microbiota and infant faecal microbiota was minimal, while the similarity between maternal rectal microbiota and infant microbiota was more pronounced. However, an infant's nasal and gut microbiota were no more similar to that of its own mother, than to that of unrelated mothers. These findings were independent of delivery mode. We conclude that the transfer of maternal vaginal microbes play a minor role in seeding infant stool microbiota. Transfer of maternal rectal microbiota could play a larger role in seeding infant stool microbiota, but approaches other than the generally used analyses of community similarity measures are likely to be needed to quantify bacterial transmission. We confirmed the clear difference between microbiota of infants born by Caesarean section compared to vaginally delivered infants and the impact of feeding mode on infant gut microbiota. Only vaginally delivered, fully breastfed infants had gut microbiota dominated by Bifidobacteria. Our data suggest that reduced transfer of maternal vaginal microbial is not the main mechanism underlying the differential infant microbiota composition associated with Caesarean delivery. The sources of a large proportion of infant microbiota could not be identified in maternal microbiota, and the sources of seeding of infant gut and nasal microbiota remain to be elucidated.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…The strong influence of delivery and feeding modes on infant gut microbiota composition has been demonstrated (Adlerberth and Wold, 2009;Azad et al, 2015;Bäckhed et al, 2015;Bokulich et al, 2016). The impact of the delivery mode is the most pronounced in the first days and weeks of life (Dogra et al, 2015;Stokholm et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the maternal vaginal microbiota play a role in seeding the microbiota of neonatal gut and nose?

Sakwińska

Foata

Berger

et al. 2017

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“…At the genus level, Bifidobacterium has long been described to predominate in BF versus FF infants 19 ; however, results are varied. Several studies found bifidobacteria to be significantly greater in BF infants 18,23,26,28,33,36,37,39,47,51 ; Fan and colleagues 26 reported roughly double the relative abundance of bifidobacteria in BF than FF infants.…”

Section: (Finland)mentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Prior to the early part of the 21st century, microbes were studied primarily using culture-dependent methods, which limited our understanding of microbial diversity and often resulted in conflicting reports. 19 Findings from 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (16S rRNA)-based approaches (For a review, see ref. 20) have shown that the infant microbiota is more diverse than previously appreciated.…”

Section: Breast-and Formula-feedingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of early life nutrition in the establishment of gastrointestinal microbial composition and function

2017

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The development of the human infant intestinal microbiota is a sequential process that begins in utero and continues during the first 2 to 3 years of life. Microbial composition and diversity are shaped by host genetics and multiple environmental factors, of which diet is a principal contributor. An understanding of this process is of clinical importance as the microbiota acquired in early life influence gastrointestinal, immune and neural development, and reduced microbial diversity or dysbiosis during infancy is associated with disorders in infancy and later childhood. The goal of this article was to review the published literature that used culture-independent methods to describe the development of the gastrointestinal microbiota in breast-and formula-fed human infants as well as the impact of prebiotic and probiotic addition to infant formula, and the addition of solid foods.

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“…A bifidobacterial predominance is also common in formulafed infants, although in lower number and frequency compared with breast-fed infants of the same age group (38,39) . Some formula-fed babies also exhibit predominance of Bacteroides and enterococci.…”

Section: Composition Of the Faecal Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast-v.formula-feeding: impacts on the digestive tract and immediate and long-term health effects

2010

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The health benefits of breast-feeding have been recognised for a long time. In particular, breast-feeding is associated with lower incidence of necrotising enterocolitis and diarrhoea during the early period of life and with lower incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases, type 2 diabetes and obesity later in life. The higher nutritional and protective degree of human milk is related to its nutritional composition that changes over the lactation period and to the biological activities of specific components while lower growth rate of breast-fed infants may be attributed to their self-regulation of milk intake at a lower level than formula-fed infants. Many results now suggest that the developmental changes in intestinal and pancreatic function that occur postnatally are modulated by the diet. Indeed, formula-feeding induces intestinal hypertrophy and accelerates maturation of hydrolysis capacities; it increases intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation, but does not induce evident differences in microbiota composition. Whether these changes would be beneficial for enhancing absorptive capacities and for educating the gut-associated immune system remains to be further studied. Moreover, it is evident that formula-feeding increases basal blood glucose and decreases plasma ketone body concentrations, while discrepancies on postprandial glycaemia, insulin and incretin responses in both human studies and experimental studies are inconclusive. Manipulating the composition of formula, by reducing protein content, adding prebiotics, growth factors or secretory IgA can modulate intestinal and pancreatic function development, and thereby may reduce the differential responses between breast-fed and formula-fed neonates. However, the developmental responses of the digestive tract to different feeding strategies must be elucidated in terms of sensitivity to developing diseases, taking into account the major role of the intestinal microbiota.

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Establishment of the gut microbiota in Western infants

Abstract: It is clear that the process of infant colonization needs to be studied further, since composition of the microbiota may impact on child health.

Cited by 558 publications

References 67 publications

Does the maternal vaginal microbiota play a role in seeding the microbiota of neonatal gut and nose?

Does the maternal vaginal microbiota play a role in seeding the microbiota of neonatal gut and nose?

The role of early life nutrition in the establishment of gastrointestinal microbial composition and function

Breast-v.formula-feeding: impacts on the digestive tract and immediate and long-term health effects

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