Establishment of normal reference intervals in serum biochemical parameters of domestic sows in Korea

Abstract

Because sows are industrially vital for swine production, monitoring for their health or disorder status is important to ensure high reproductive performance. Especially, ambient temperature changes in different season, especially during summer, are directly influenced to the reproductive performance of sows. Although the serum biochemical parameters are widely applied in the veterinary medicine with wide ranges for the physiological process, the values are also influenced by several factors such as age, breed, gender, and stress. In addition, domestic sows in Koreaspecific reference interval (RI) for serum biochemistry has not been established yet. Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate seasonal variation of RIs in the serum biochemistry in domestic sows in Korea at different seasons and to establish normal RIs using a RI finding program (Reference Value Advisor). Significant difference (p < 0.05) on the different seasons were identified in several serum biochemical parameters including BUN, CRE, GGT, GLU, ALB, TP, LDH and Na in sows. Therefore, we further established RIs, specific in domestic sows in Korea regardless of season. The established RIs based on the serum biochemical values provide a baseline for interpreting biochemical results in the domestic sows in Korea, regardless of seasonal effect. It may contribute to develop a strategy for better reproductive performance by improving breeding management practice and evaluating health of pig herds, which facilitate to avert the economic loss in summer infertility in sows.

PPIA, HPRT1, and YWHAZ are suitable reference genes for quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in sows

“…Because pigs ( Sus scrofa ) are one of the most economically important types of livestock, understanding how reproduction is regulated inherently or affected by external factors can offer important insights to aid in the development of husbandry strategies in the animal farm industry and understand the reproductive physiology of animals [ 10 ]. Normal reproductive function is dependent on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis; the HPG axis for reproduction is centrally controlled by a complex regulatory network of excitatory and inhibitory signals [ 11 ].…”

Selection of suitable reference gene for gene expression studies of porcine ovaries under different conditions in quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay

“…Pigs (sus scrofa) are the most important animals in the field of livestock industry, toxicology, preclinical study, and biotechnology in Korea (Choi et al, 2020;Han et al, 2020;Kim et al, 2021). In normal and non-pregnant condition, the estrus cycle in pubertal female pigs repeats every 21 days with morphological changes in the ovaries Selection of suitable reference gene for gene expression studies of porcine ovaries under different conditions in quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay such as developing follicles to ovulation with luteolysis during the follicular phase (proestrus and estrus period for approximately 6 days) and small follicle waves with mature corpus luteum (CL) in the luteal phase (metestrus and diestrus period for approximately 15 days) by a complex regulatory network of excitatory and inhibitory hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (Yang et al, 2018).…”

Picolinafen exposure induces ROS accumulation and calcium depletion, leading to apoptosis in porcine embryonic trophectoderm and uterine luminal epithelial cells

“…Implantation is a series of processes that are regulated by intricate molecular mechanisms in the embryo and uterus (Dey et al 2004; Kim et al 2021). At the preimplantation stage, the initial step involves physiological contact between the trophectoderm and luminal epithelium, which leads to blastocyst attachment (Bae et al 2020;Lessey 2002).…”