“…Steam can be applied at superatmospheric (Morgan, Goldberg, Radewonuk, & Scullen, 1996) or atmospheric pressure (Dorsa, Cutter, Siragusa, & Koohmaraie, 1996;James, Thornton, Ketteringham, & James, 2000;Whyte, McGill, & Collins, 2003), either in cabinets or by hand-held steam-vacuum devices (Gill, 2009;Huffman, 2002), effectuating microbial reductions of 1e3 log CFU/cm 2 , depending on the micro-organism studied. While steam-vacuum devices are used to sanitise freshly contaminated, but small areas of the carcass, cabinets can be integrated in slaughterlines to treat whole carcasses (James et al, 2007;Retzlaff, Phebus, Kastner, & Marshden, 2005).…”