Establishment of axenic endosymbiotic strains of Japanese Paramecium bursaria and the utilization of carbohydrate and nitrogen compounds by the isolated algae

Kamako, Shin‐ichiro; Hoshina, Ryo; Ueno, Seiko; Imamura, Nobutaka

doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2005.04.001

Cited by 41 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…One strain of Chlorella (F36-ZK) isolated from a Japanese strain of Paramecium has revealed constitutive amino acid transport systems, absent in free-living isolates (Kato and Imamura 2008b). This Chlorella strain lacks nitrate reductase activity (Kamako et al 2005), and instead may rely upon its host to proved amino acids, presumably acquired by bactivory (Fig. 2a).…”

Section: Chlorohydra) Have Little Success In Becoming Endosymbionts Omentioning

confidence: 99%

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

2010

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Many non-photosynthetic species of protists and metazoans are capable of hosting viable algal endosymbionts or their organelles through adaptations of phagocytic pathways. A form of mixotrophy, acquired phototrophy (AcPh) encompasses a sweet of endosymbiotic and organelle retention interactions, that range from facultative to obligate. AcPh is a common phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems, with endosymbiotic associations generally more prevalent in nutrient poor environments, and organelle retention typically associated with more productive ones. All AcPhs benefit from enhanced growth due to access to photosynthetic products, however the degree of metabolic integration and dependency in the host varies widely. AcPhs are mixotrophic, using both heterotrophic and phototrophic carbon sources. AcPh is found in at least four of the major eukaryotic supergroups, and is the driving force in the evolution of secondary and tertiary plastid acquisitions. Mutualistic resource partitioning characterizes most algal endosymbiotic interactions, while organelle retention is a form of predation, characterized by nutrient flow (i.e. growth) in one direction. AcPh involves adaptations to recognize specific prey or endosymbionts and to house organelles or endosymbionts within the endomembrane system but free from digestion. In many cases, hosts depend upon AcPh for the production of essential nutrients, many of which remain obscure. The practice of AcPh has led to multiple independent secondary and tertiary plastid acquisition events among several eukaryote lineages, giving rise to the diverse array of algae found in modern aquatic ecosystems.This review highlights those AcPhs that are model research organisms for both metazoans and protists.Much of the basic biology of AcPhs remains enigmatic, particularly 1) which essential nutrients or factors make certain forms of AcPh obligatory, 2) how hosts regulate and manipulate endosymbionts or sequestered organelles, and 3) what genomic imprint, if any, AcPh leaves on non-photosynthetic host species.2

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Section: Chlorohydra) Have Little Success In Becoming Endosymbionts Omentioning

confidence: 99%

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

2010

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“…Kamako et al reported that free-living alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck var. vulgaris grow in media containing only inorganic nitrogen compounds as well as in media containing casamino acids as a nitrogen source, while NC64A required amino acids for growth (Kamako et al, 2005). Consistent with these observations, C169 grew in all tested media and NC64A grew in media containing casamino acids and Gln, although its growth rate was quite low in presence of NH 4 + and NO 3 - (Figure 7).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gene loss in cysteine synthesis pathway in the coral host Acropora digitifera seems to reflect the dependency on the amino acids provided by the Symbiodinium symbiont (Shinzato et al, 2011). In contrast to Symbiodinium which can assimilate inorganic nitrogen such as nitrate and ammonium (Lipschultz and Cook, 2002; Grover et al, 2003; Tanaka et al, 2006; Yellowlees et al, 2008), the symbiotic Chlorella algae in Hydra and Paramecium can only use amino acids as a nitrogen source (Figure 6) (Kamako et al, 2005). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic co-dependence drives the evolutionarily ancient Hydra–Chlorella symbiosis

Hamada

Schröder

Bathia

et al. 2018

eLife

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Many multicellular organisms rely on symbiotic associations for support of metabolic activity, protection, or energy. Understanding the mechanisms involved in controlling such interactions remains a major challenge. In an unbiased approach we identified key players that control the symbiosis between Hydra viridissima and its photosynthetic symbiont Chlorella sp. A99. We discovered significant up-regulation of Hydra genes encoding a phosphate transporter and glutamine synthetase suggesting regulated nutrition supply between host and symbionts. Interestingly, supplementing the medium with glutamine temporarily supports in vitro growth of the otherwise obligate symbiotic Chlorella, indicating loss of autonomy and dependence on the host. Genome sequencing of Chlorella sp. A99 revealed a large number of amino acid transporters and a degenerated nitrate assimilation pathway, presumably as consequence of the adaptation to the host environment. Our observations portray ancient symbiotic interactions as a codependent partnership in which exchange of nutrients appears to be the primary driving force.

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“…Because C. variabilis requires organic nitrogen sources to grow [13], this oligotrophic condition might have prevented its growth. Both sizes of green coccoids were present on the plate from the AG-35 extract.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is possibly due to following reasons. Both species are essentially nutritionally fastidious [e.g., 12,13]. Additionally, they are very sensitive to the Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus (PBCV), which is abundant in natural water sources [14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiont Flexibility in <i>Paramecium bursaria</i>: Double and Triple Photobiont Co-Habitation

Hoshina¹,

Fujiwara²

2012

AiM

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The green ciliate, Paramecium bursaria, has evolved a mutualistic relationship with endosymbiotic green algae (photobionts). Under culture conditions, photobionts are usually unified (to be single species) within each P. bursaria strain. In most cases, the algal partners are restricted to either Chlorella variabilis or Micractinium reisseri (Chlorellaceae, Trebouxiophyceae). Both species are characterized by particular physiology and atypical group I intron insertions, although they are morphologically indistinguishable from each other or from other Chlorella-related species. Both algae are exclusive species that are viable only within P. bursaria cells, and therefore their symbiotic relationship can be considered persistent. In a few cases, the other algal species have been reported as P. bursaria photobionts. Namely, P. bursaria have occasionally replaced their photobiont partner. This paper introduces some P. bursaria strains that maintain more than one species of algae for a long period. This situation prompts speculations about flexibility of host-photobiont relationships, how P. bursaria replaced these photobionts, and the infection theory of the group I introns.

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Establishment of axenic endosymbiotic strains of Japanese Paramecium bursaria and the utilization of carbohydrate and nitrogen compounds by the isolated algae

Cited by 41 publications

References 21 publications

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

Metabolic co-dependence drives the evolutionarily ancient Hydra–Chlorella symbiosis

Photobiont Flexibility in <i>Paramecium bursaria</i>: Double and Triple Photobiont Co-Habitation

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Establishment of axenic endosymbiotic strains of Japanese Paramecium bursaria and the utilization of carbohydrate and nitrogen compounds by the isolated algae

Cited by 41 publications

References 21 publications

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

The acquisition of phototrophy: adaptive strategies of hosting endosymbionts and organelles

Metabolic co-dependence drives the evolutionarily ancient Hydra–Chlorella symbiosis

Photobiont Flexibility in &lt;i&gt;Paramecium bursaria&lt;/i&gt;: Double and Triple Photobiont Co-Habitation

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Photobiont Flexibility in <i>Paramecium bursaria</i>: Double and Triple Photobiont Co-Habitation