Establishing Boundaries: The Relationship That Exists between Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Gut-Dwelling Bacteria

O’Callaghan, Amy; Corr, Sinéad C.

doi:10.3390/microorganisms7120663

Cited by 28 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 83 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…During a response, nucleic acids are an important target for innate immune recognition, as all microbial pathogens depend on their DNA and/or RNA for replication. Cells and other sensor systems of the innate immune system expressing PRRs include neutrophils ( 21 ), macrophages ( 22 ), dendritic cells ( 23 ), platelets ( 24 ), complement system ( 25 ), natural killer cells ( 26 ), fibroblasts ( 27 ), and some epithelial cells, such as those of the intestinal tract ( 28 ). In a host, cells of the immune system expressing PRRs, as well as those of sensor systems, such as the complement system, can initiate both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses.…”

Section: Pathophysiology Of Sepsismentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Therapy in Dogs and Cats With Sepsis

Montealegre¹,

Lyons

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Sepsis is currently defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis may occur secondary to infection anywhere in the body, and its pathogenesis is complex and not yet fully understood. Variations in the host immune response result in diverse clinical manifestations, which complicates clinical recognition and fluid therapy both in humans and veterinary species. Septic shock is a subset of sepsis in which particularly profound circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are associated with a greater risk of mortality than with sepsis alone. Although septic shock is a form of distributive shock, septic patients frequently present with hypovolemic and cardiogenic shock as well, further complicating fluid therapy decisions. The goals of this review are to discuss the clinical recognition of sepsis in dogs and cats, the basic mechanisms of its pathogenesis as it affects hemodynamic function, and considerations for fluid therapy. Important pathophysiologic changes, such as cellular interaction, microvascular alterations, damage to the endothelial glycocalyx, hypoalbuminemia, and immune paralysis will be also reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of treatment with crystalloids, natural and synthetic colloids, and blood products will be discussed. Current recommendations for evaluating fluid responsiveness and the timing of vasopressor therapy will also be considered. Where available, the veterinary literature will be used to guide recommendations.

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Section: Pathophysiology Of Sepsismentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Therapy in Dogs and Cats With Sepsis

Montealegre¹,

Lyons

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Interactions between the intestinal microbiota and the host are crucial to understand the role of the microbiota in biological processes, and how they contribute to health and the development of disease. Microbial diversity measures the distribution of different species on the community, the level of which is reduced during gut dysbiosis, and a richness of species indicates a "healthy gut" [28][29][30]. Lower bacterial diversity was reported in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease, Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and Coeliac disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

et al. 2020

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Understanding how dietary nutrients modulate the gut microbiome is of great interest for the development of food products and eating patterns for combatting the global burden of non-communicable diseases. In this narrative review we assess scientific studies published from 2005 to 2019 that evaluated the effect of micro- and macro-nutrients on the composition of the gut microbiome using in vitro and in vivo models, and human clinical trials. The clinical evidence for micronutrients is less clear and generally lacking. However, preclinical evidence suggests that red wine- and tea-derived polyphenols and vitamin D can modulate potentially beneficial bacteria. Current research shows consistent clinical evidence that dietary fibers, including arabinoxylans, galacto-oligosaccharides, inulin, and oligofructose, promote a range of beneficial bacteria and suppress potentially detrimental species. The preclinical evidence suggests that both the quantity and type of fat modulate both beneficial and potentially detrimental microbes, as well as the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio in the gut. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that the type and amount of proteins in the diet has substantial and differential effects on the gut microbiota. Further clinical investigation of the effect of micronutrients and macronutrients on the microbiome and metabolome is warranted, along with understanding how this influences host health.

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“…The integrity of intestinal epithelial tight junctions is critical in IBD (44). The clinical symptoms of IBD are caused by intestinal inflammation and consequent dysfunction, including impaired absorption function and intestinal barrier function (46,47). ZO-1 and occcludin are the main proteins constituting tight junctions, and changes in the levels of ZO-1 and occcludin suggest a change of intestinal mucosal barrier function to a certain extent (48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decitabine attenuates dextran sodium sulfate‑induced ulcerative colitis through regulation of immune regulatory cells and intestinal barrier

Liu

et al. 2020

Int J Mol Med

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To investigate the effect of decitabine on the regulation of intestinal barrier function in mice with inflammatory bowel disease, an experimental model of colitis was established via drinking water with dextran sulfate sodium (dSS). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes of the colon. cytokine production was measured by an ELISA assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure the level of regulatory T cells. Immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry and western blot analyses detected the protein expression and distribution in colon tissue. Following the administration of decitabine, the symptoms of intestinal inflammation in the mice were significantly relieved; the expression of IL-17 was decreased, and the levels of TGF-β and IL-10 were increased. In addition, the induction of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) in naive T cells increased the proportion of cd4 + Foxp3 + T cells in cd4 + T cells. Furthermore, decitabine increased the levels of zonular occludens-1 and occludin, and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK and p38. In conclusion, the present study suggested that decitabine could alleviate dSS-induced impaired colon barrier and the weight loss, mucus and bloody stools in mice by releasing the inhibitory factor IL-10, reducing the pro-inflammatory factor IL-17, activating cd4 + Foxp3 + T cells and inhibiting the activation of the MAPK pathway.

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Establishing Boundaries: The Relationship That Exists between Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Gut-Dwelling Bacteria

Cited by 28 publications

References 83 publications

Fluid Therapy in Dogs and Cats With Sepsis

Fluid Therapy in Dogs and Cats With Sepsis

Role of Dietary Nutrients in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review

Decitabine attenuates dextran sodium sulfate‑induced ulcerative colitis through regulation of immune regulatory cells and intestinal barrier

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