Abstract:Health systems in sub-Saharan Africa have remained overstretched from dealing with endemic diseases, which limit their capacity to absorb additional stress from new and emerging infectious diseases. Against this backdrop, the rapidly evolving COVID-19 pandemic presented an additional challenge of insufficient hospital beds and human resource for health needed to deliver hospital-based COVID-19 care. Emerging evidence from high-income countries suggests that a ‘virtual ward’ (VW) system can provide adequate hom… Show more
“…[ 45 ] states that telemedicine has been used for teleconsultation with COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms. Teleconsultation service has been prominently utilized in various countries in sub-Saharan countries such as Botswana [ 31 ], Gambia [ 25 ], Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia [ 39 ], Cameroon [ 44 ] and South Africa. Fig.…”
Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Internet is also a central part of virtual healthcare. However, most resource-constrained settings cannot afford the requirements of setting up a virtual healthcare system, which impedes the adoption and success of virtual care in Africa [ 25 ]. Even when the initial funding is available, it may not always be available to sustain such virtual healthcare systems.…”
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the attention has now shifted towards universal vaccination to gracefully lift strict COVID-19 restrictions previously imposed to contain the spread of the disease. Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing an exponential increase of infections and deaths coupled with vaccines shortages, personal protective equipment, weak health systems and COVID-19 emerging variants. Some developed countries integrated telemedicine to reduce the impacts of the shortage of healthcare professionals and potentially reduce the risk of exposure, ensuring easy delivery of quality health services while limiting regular physical contact and direct hospitalization. However, the adoption of telemedicine and telehealth is still nascent in many sub-Saharan Africa countries. Therefore, this study reflects on progress made towards the use of telemedicine, virtual health care services, challenges encountered, and proffers ways to address them. We conducted a systematic literature review to synthesise literature on telemedicine in sub-Saharan Africa. The study revealed that telemedicine provides unprecedented benefits such as improving efficiency, effective utilization of healthcare resources, forward triaging, prevention of medical personnel infection, aiding medical students' clinical observation and participation, and assurance of social support for patients. However, the absence of policy on virtual care and political will, cost of sustenance of virtual health care services, inadequate funding, technological and infrastructural barriers, patient and healthcare personnel bias on virtual care and cultural barriers are identified as limiting factors to the adoption of virtual health care in many African health systems. To alleviate some of these barriers, we recommend the development of robust policies and frameworks for virtual health care, the inclusion of virtual care in the medical school curriculum, supporting virtual care research and development, increasing health funding, removing monopolisation of telecommunication services, developing of virtual health solutions that address eccentricities of African health systems.
“…[ 45 ] states that telemedicine has been used for teleconsultation with COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms. Teleconsultation service has been prominently utilized in various countries in sub-Saharan countries such as Botswana [ 31 ], Gambia [ 25 ], Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia [ 39 ], Cameroon [ 44 ] and South Africa. Fig.…”
Section: Discussion Of Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Internet is also a central part of virtual healthcare. However, most resource-constrained settings cannot afford the requirements of setting up a virtual healthcare system, which impedes the adoption and success of virtual care in Africa [ 25 ]. Even when the initial funding is available, it may not always be available to sustain such virtual healthcare systems.…”
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, the attention has now shifted towards universal vaccination to gracefully lift strict COVID-19 restrictions previously imposed to contain the spread of the disease. Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing an exponential increase of infections and deaths coupled with vaccines shortages, personal protective equipment, weak health systems and COVID-19 emerging variants. Some developed countries integrated telemedicine to reduce the impacts of the shortage of healthcare professionals and potentially reduce the risk of exposure, ensuring easy delivery of quality health services while limiting regular physical contact and direct hospitalization. However, the adoption of telemedicine and telehealth is still nascent in many sub-Saharan Africa countries. Therefore, this study reflects on progress made towards the use of telemedicine, virtual health care services, challenges encountered, and proffers ways to address them. We conducted a systematic literature review to synthesise literature on telemedicine in sub-Saharan Africa. The study revealed that telemedicine provides unprecedented benefits such as improving efficiency, effective utilization of healthcare resources, forward triaging, prevention of medical personnel infection, aiding medical students' clinical observation and participation, and assurance of social support for patients. However, the absence of policy on virtual care and political will, cost of sustenance of virtual health care services, inadequate funding, technological and infrastructural barriers, patient and healthcare personnel bias on virtual care and cultural barriers are identified as limiting factors to the adoption of virtual health care in many African health systems. To alleviate some of these barriers, we recommend the development of robust policies and frameworks for virtual health care, the inclusion of virtual care in the medical school curriculum, supporting virtual care research and development, increasing health funding, removing monopolisation of telecommunication services, developing of virtual health solutions that address eccentricities of African health systems.
“…In Gambia, in 2020, patients with confirmed COVID-19 and who quality for virtual care were assigned a physician with a digital thermometer to monitor daily axillary temperature. A virtual plan monitor plan was performed by the physicians relied on mobile telephones and messaging applications such as WhatsApp [ 50 ].…”
Objectives: The objective of this narrative review is to explore the advantages and limitations of VHs in delivering healthcare, including access to specialized professionals, streamlined communication, efficient scheduling, integration of electronic health records, ongoing monitoring, and support, transcending geographical boundaries, and resource optimization.Methods: Review of literature.Results: The national healthcare systems are facing an alarming rise in pressure due to global shifts. Virtual hospitals (VH) offer a practical solution to numerous systemic challenges, including rising costs and increased workloads for healthcare providers. VH also facilitate the delivery of personalized services and enable the monitoring of patients beyond the conventional confines of healthcare settings, reducing the reliance on waiting medicine carried out in doctors' offices or hospitals.Conclusion: VH can mirror the conventional healthcare referral system.
“…However, we have previously shown that many children are vaccinated outside of the recommended time frames,32 especially in districts in the eastern part of the country 24. The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in The Gambia was identified on 17 March 2020 33. The evolution of the pandemic and measures taken to control the spread of COVID-19 in The Gambia have been previously described 34.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… 24 The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in The Gambia was identified on 17 March 2020. 33 The evolution of the pandemic and measures taken to control the spread of COVID-19 in The Gambia have been previously described. 34 In brief, in the days following the confirmation of the first case, the government swiftly implemented a series of measures to curb further transmission.…”
IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic caused widespread morbidity and mortality and resulted in the biggest setback in routine vaccinations in three decades. Data on the impact of the pandemic on immunisation in Africa are limited, in part, due to low-quality routine or administrative data. This study examined coverage and timeliness of routine childhood immunisation during the pandemic in The Gambia, a country with an immunisation system considered robust.MethodsWe obtained prospective birth cohort data of 57 286 children in over 300 communities in two health and demographic surveillance system sites, including data from the pre-pandemic period (January 2015–February 2020) and the three waves of the pandemic period (March 2020–December 2021). We determined monthly coverage and timeliness (early and delayed) of the birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine (HepB0) and the first dose of pentavalent vaccine (Penta1) during the different waves of the pandemic relative to the pre-pandemic period. We implemented a binomial interrupted time-series regression model.ResultWe observed no significant change in the coverage of HepB0 and Penta1 vaccinations from the pre-pandemic period up until the periods before the peaks of the first and second waves of the pandemic in 2020. However, there was an increase in HepB0 coverage before as well as after the peak of the third wave in 2021 compared with the pre-pandemic period (pre-third wave peak OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.14; post-third wave period OR=2.20, 95% CI 1.23 to 3.92). There was some evidence that vaccination timeliness changed during specific periods of the pandemic. Early Penta1 vaccination decreased by 70% (OR=0.30, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.78) in the period before the second wave, and delayed HepB0 vaccination decreased by 47% (OR=0.53, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.97) after the peak of the third wave in 2021.ConclusionDespite the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic, The Gambia’s routine vaccination programme has defied the setbacks witnessed in other settings and remained resilient, with coverage increasing and timeliness improving during the second and third waves. These findings highlight the importance of having adequate surveillance systems to monitor the impact of large shocks to vaccination coverage and timeliness.
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