Establishing an Ocean Acidification Monitoring System for the Tropical Waters of Indonesia Facing Regional Climate Variability

Abstract

The emission of greenhouse gases, including high CO2 and other materials, initiates global warming and climate change. Atmospheric CO2 that affects the carbonate system of seawater causes ocean acidification (OA). OA affects marine organisms directly, as well as humans economically and ecologically. Considering the high impact of OA and following the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, systematic research and monitoring of OA is necessary in Indonesia, whose seas play an important role in this emerging phenomenon. This review discusses the urgency of OA monitoring systems and suggests carbonate system monitoring, as well as carbon biogeochemistry. OA significantly affects marine production and alters ecosystem services, and it is likely to have an impact on habitats shifting from calcified to non-calcified and reducing benthic complexity. Its effect on calcifying organisms can also be found, i.e., coral calcification and/or dissolution of CaCO3 of calcifying organisms. Acidity (pH), as well as the carbonate system variables of seawater, fluctuate, especially with variations in space and time. Coastal ecosystems that are directly affected by terrestrial input will have carbonate system variables that fluctuate more. The annual rate of decreasing seawater pH, especially over an open and large spatial scale, may indicate OA. Therefore, a monitoring system must be implemented to obtain systematic and comprehensive information on OA. Here, we also introduce a biogeochemical monitoring initiative for OA in Lombok with the established protocols. Improvement of many aspects, including analysis instruments, analysis methods, sample treatment, and sampling frequency will provide new insight into further research and monitoring of OA.

Effects of low pH on the coral reef cryptic invertebrate communities near CO2 vents in Papua New Guinea

“…Since the initial use of ARMS as a sampling method for structurally complex benthic habitats [ 28 , 34 ], they have been deployed worldwide to investigate and monitor marine biodiversity [ 28 , 30 , 31 ] or detect the presence of invasive or non-indigenous species [ 47 ]. ARMS have also been used to characterize biogeographical patterns [ 33 , 48 ] and the impacts of altered environments on benthic communities [ 49 ] and represent an efficient standardized tool with which to monitor the effects of environmental variables on marine creatures [ 50 ]. This study represents the first attempt to use ARMS to quantify the effects of ocean acidification on the cryptofauna.…”

Pengasaman Laut Di Perairan Indonesia

“…Sebagian besar paper tersebut adalah hasil penelitian yang di lakukan di daerah perairan lintang tinggi di belahan bumi utara (79%), sebagian kecil lainnya di belahan bumi selatan dan perairan kutub (Gambar 1) [ [12], [13, [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], 21% di Perairan Indonesia Barat (Natuna dan Pulau Seribu) [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], dan sebagian lainnya di Perairan Indonesia Timur (Maluku) [8], [26], [27] (Gambar 2). Sementara itu, 2 penelitian dengan cakupan lokasi seluruh Perairan Indonesia adalah penelitian dengan metode pemodelan oseanografi dan penelitian kebijakan [28], [29].…”

“…Berdasarkan identifikasi publikasi didapatkan 24 hasil penelitian yang relevan dengan topik pengasaman laut di Perairan Indonesia. Dari jumlah tersebut, 50% diantaranya adalah hasil eksperimen laboratorium dengan perlakuan tertentu terhadap sampel biota, analisis dan identifikasi sampel air dan karang di laboratorium [5], [6], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [20], [21], [22], [24], [25], [26], 21% dari hasil pengukuran beberapa parameter secara in situ dan [24], [27], dan 8% penelitian dilakukan dengan pemodelan oseanografi [19], [28]. Teridentifikasi pula sebanyak 16% penelitian lainnya merupakan gabungan dari beberapa metode tersebut [8], [10], [15], [16], [17], [18] dan sebuah penelitian tentang kebijakan mitigasi dan adaptasi pengasaman laut [29].…”

“…Sebanyak 35% penelitian pengasaman laut di Perairan Indonesia telah melakukan pengukuran parameter sistem karbonat air laut baik secara in situ maupun dengan analisis sampel air di laboratorium [7], [8], [10], [15], [16], [17], [18], [20], [22], [28]. Sebagian besar penelitian (43%) yang menggunakan sampel biota melakukan pengukuran beberapa parameter pertumbuhan [4], [5], [6], [9], [11], [13], [14], [23], [25], [26].…”

“…Parameter sistem karbonat air laut merupakan parameter yang paling banyak digunakan untuk mengindikasikan terjadinya pengasaman laut [30]. Dalam penelitian pengasaman laut di Perairan Indonesia (Gambar 4), pH (69 %) [5], [6], [7], [10], [11], [12], [15], [16], [17], [18], [20], [22], [23], [24], [25], [27], [28], dan pCO2 (61%) [4], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [22] [15], [16], [17], [18], [20], [22], [28], dan DIC (17%) [4], [15], [16], [17], [18], [28].…”