Establishing an Experimental Infection Model for Peritoneal Dialysis: Effect of Inoculum and Volume

Calame, Wim; Afram, Charles; Blijleven, Nico; Hendrickx, Roeland J.B.M.; Namavar, F.; Beelen, Robert H.J.

doi:10.1177/089686089301302s19

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…An experimental infection model in the rat was established in which the effect of inoculum and volume on bacterial killing was investigated [66]. A suspension of 0.5 ml, containing 3 ϫ 10 8 Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) was injected into the peritoneal cavity of the rat.…”

Section: A Rat Model For the Study Of Peritoneal Defense Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental models in peritoneal dialysis: A European experience

Lameire¹,

Biesen²,

Landschoot³

et al. 1998

Kidney International

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Section: A Rat Model For the Study Of Peritoneal Defense Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental models in peritoneal dialysis: A European experience

Lameire¹,

Biesen²,

Landschoot³

et al. 1998

Kidney International

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“…The quantitative analysis done in Study 2 confirmed the initial observation. All three dosages of CFU cause a non-lethal peritonitis in rats, from which they recover spontaneously (20). The changes in serum α2M and albumin were most pronounced in group 3, which received the highest inoculum, but were also present in the other groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha-2-Macroglobulin and Albumin are Useful Serum Proteins to Detect Subclinical Peritonitis in the Rat

et al. 2006

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Background In experimental peritoneal dialysis (PD) studies, the occurrence of peritonitis is a confounder in the interpretation of effects of chronic peritoneal exposure to dialysis solutions. Since fluid cannot be drained in most experimental PD models in the rat, it is impossible to diagnose peritonitis based on dialysate white blood cell counts. To study the value of serum markers for the presence of peritonitis, alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M) and albumin were measured in rats with and without peritonitis after chronic exposure to dialysis solutions. To further investigate the time course of these markers in relation to the severity of peritonitis, nondialyzed rats were challenged with increasing numbers of bacteria and followed for 28 days. Methods In the first study, α2M and albumin were measured in rats exposed to glucose/lactate-based dialysis fluid before sacrifice. A comparison was made between animals with peritonitis, as judged from the presence of extensive infiltrates after sacrifice (gold standard) and/or clinical signs of peritonitis, or absence of peritonitis and infiltrates. In the second study, rats were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with 3 different concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus, and serum α2M and albumin were measured at various time points. Results In the first study, serum α2M was higher and serum albumin was lower in animals with peritonitis compared to animals without peritonitis (both p < 0.05). In the second study, induction of α2M was clearly dependent on the inoculum concentration. Peak values of α2M were found at days 1 and 3. At all time points after inoculation, α2M was higher in all injected groups compared to the control group. Serum albumin values decreased in the highest inoculum group and remained decreased until 28 days after IP injection. Despite a low sensitivity, serum α2M >40 mg/L and albumin <32 g/L had a specificity of 100% for peritonitis. Conclusions Measurement of α2M and albumin once per month is an additional tool in the diagnosis of silent peritonitis in the chronic peritoneal exposure model in the rat. Levels of α2M >40 mg/L and albumin <32 g/L are strong indicators for peritonitis. However, normal values do not exclude infectious peritonitis.

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“…[85] In the present study, a S. aureus inoculum of 2 × 10 8 CFU mL −1 (0.5 mL) was used to develop peritoneal infection based on the inoculum used in previous rat studies. [11,86] We used two rats, one as an uninfected control, and the other rat inoculated with S. aureus during surgical catheter placement to develop peritonitis. [11] The catheter with the sensor was placed in the peritoneal cavity, with the sensor in contact with the peritoneal fluid (Figure 3a,b).…”

Section: Animal Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

X‐Ray Visualized Sensors for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Infection

Kiridena

Wijayaratna

Levon

et al. 2023

Adv Funct Materials

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Peritonitis is a common complication for patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is a direct cause or contributor in >15% deaths in PD patients. Since early detection is key to treatment, patients and their care teams need rapid, on-site diagnostics. A hydrogelbased peritoneal fluid pH sensor attached to a peritoneal dialysis catheter is developed to measure local acidosis indicative of peritoneal infections for early detection and monitoring of infections using X-ray imaging. The sensor comprises a polyacrylic acid hydrogel with embedded radiopaque markers enclosed in a polymer casing; contraction of the hydrogel in response to acidic pH is evident from the radiographically measured marker position. The sensor has a pH 4-8 response range; between pH 6.5 and 7.5 it responds linearly with a slope of 14% pH 7 length per pH unit, and about 1% length precision. The sensor is attached to a catheter and implanted in a rat peritoneum. Results in awake rats show a rapid pH drop during infection not observed in systemic C-reactive proteins (CRP) levels nor in the uninfected control animal, with negligible drift over 2 weeks. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an in vivo chemically responsive hydrogel sensor.

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Establishing an Experimental Infection Model for Peritoneal Dialysis: Effect of Inoculum and Volume

Cited by 11 publications

References 5 publications

Experimental models in peritoneal dialysis: A European experience

Experimental models in peritoneal dialysis: A European experience

Alpha-2-Macroglobulin and Albumin are Useful Serum Proteins to Detect Subclinical Peritonitis in the Rat

X‐Ray Visualized Sensors for Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Infection

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